Journal Critique By Harsha Sooka

The introduction of the article starts off with why the study was conducted, due to the discovery of causality amongst patients who had used gadolinium based contrast agents. Nephritic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) was the disease caused by the use of the gadolinium based contrast agent. Once again the introductions lacks literature on what this disease actually was or how the gadolinium based contrast agent caused it. The Introduction then goes Into the history of the different contrast agent and non-contrast agent magnetic assonance angiography methods.Then towards the end of the Introduction the alma of the research that was conducted was mentioned, which Is a good idea as It brings the reader, back in to understanding as to why the research was conducted. Moving on to the next part which is the methods which was explained by the authors in much detail as to what they exactly did to study the different patients, what ages and sexes of patients that took part in the research and how the research was in line with the ethics and law.Which is in fact a good start which to the methods, which shows the reader that the research was conducted ethically and according to law. The methods then go into how the study was compared with deferent sequences which are AD OTF and a TRANCE covering the kidney and pelvic vessels, a AD OTF, a AD PC and a AD B-SSP covering the aortic bifurcation and pelvic vessels. The authors also mentioned what was outcome that was to be compared and also one type MR.. Machine that was used In the whole study (Phelps 1.T Cochlea). The results contained the outcomes of the study, which were the quality of the image from the different sequences and also the factor of time taken for each of the sequence. Which was placed in tables and images and used to compare the discussion part of the article and towards the end of the result paragraph all the sequences were ranked according to all evaluated parameters. The end of discussion touched limitations and al so gave advantage of using non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography.The conclusion finishes off with the explanation as to how the authors are positive that Non-contrast enhanced MR.. Offers a safe preoperative examination for assessment of pelvic vessel status before kidney trans- plantation without any risk of NSF, nonprescription or radiation. They also lastly touched as to which of the sequences were recommended and how Important It was do prevent such complications caused. This Is a nice short and simple paragraph that does have a strong effect on the reader as to how their aim was successfully achieved and how

Nietzsche

Nietzsche says, in effect, that between Plato, Augustine, and the Buddhist there's â€Å"not a dime's worth of difference. † What features does he see them as having in common? Why does he not share these points of view? Nietzsche viewed our values in life in a different way than most philosophers. He had a different perspective in the meanings behind â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad. † Most philosophers defined â€Å"good† as the weak and ill ones, by Judgement of ranking and high class to low class. Nietzsche believed that all philosophers lacked the â€Å"historical spirit itself.They all have the common Judgement of determining the concept and judgement of â€Å"good. † Nietzsche talks about how unegoistic actions were always praised as good even when they weren't naturally good. Nietzsche believes that the judgement in â€Å"good† does not stem from those who goodness is rendered. This means those to who goodness was shown weren't actually goo d. He believed that the noble and powerful ones, the ones who were ranked as good because of high- ranking, high-minded, and powerful ranked themselves and their doings of â€Å"good. The good good is compared to the word truth because the good is the truth and the ruth is the good.The rich, high ranking, strong, beautiful, brave and powerful are associated with the truth and good. As for the poor, ugly, common and low ranking, they are associated with cowardice and lying. Nietzsche blames the Jews for the views and how people defined â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† because the Jews, who were poor, and common, were in Nietzsche words â€Å"the most refined hates in human history. † It is because of the Jews that people view the poor, and wretched as good and the powerful and noble as evil. This brings us to the conclusion that Nietzsche believes hey all have in common in what he calls the slave revolt in morality.The slave revolt in morality begins when resentment becomes a creative force. It gives birth to new values and causes a battle between power, values, and ranking issues. The slave revolt morality causes the slave to feel much resentment against its master, Resentment that turns into evil. Imaginary revenge builds up within a slave against its master, turning the slave to â€Å"bad/evil. † In the slave revolt morality, the slave see themselves as the good and their masters as the evil ones when in reality it urns into the opposite because of the resentment that builds up inside them against their masters.The man of resentment allows for hatred to grow in him and having to rely on secrets and scheming, becoming more clever than the noble man. Also, slave morality declines what is different, and not itself. It says â€Å"no† to an outside and anything that is different, this is a creative deed. It makes people realize the distinctions between things. This is important because it us a system that helps level everything out instead of promoting greatness. Nietzsche By rosast6 Nietzsche Perhaps the most convincing arguments Nietzsche makes for the idea that God is either dead or does not exist is the idea that God is a creation of Western society, a universal ideal of morality, truth and ethics. When he argues then that those things no longer exist, if indeed they ever did, as a unifying factor in European culture, he makes a convincing argument that God was merely a creation of humanity to fulfill a spiritual need for there to be a greater good or high purpose for life. In Nietzsche’s argument, the next step after the acceptance of the death of God is a step toward nihilism and the idea that life has no meaning. On a personal level, choosing to accept the idea that God does not exist gives the reader the ultimate freedom and responsibility for his own life. The reader can no longer blame personal decisions on some epic struggle between good and evil, but must acknowledge that his or her actions are his own, chosen based on her own wants, needs and perceptions. The idea that there is no higher power to answer to can be emotionally devastating or it can be liberating. For many the idea of God has always been a strange dichotomy as most religious preach a god of mercy and love and yet bad, often horrible, things happen, even to those who are devout worshippers of that god. Too often, the religious have tried to explain away why God allows bad things to happen. From hurricanes to the Holocaust, there has never been a logical explanation for a God of love and mercy to allow evil. Some have argued that evil must exist to show good for what it is, but that too is simply hiding behind the reality. One does not have to eat a good apple to know when one is bad and vice versa. Any act can be judged on its own merit without the benefit of the opposing force. Therefore, determining that God does not exist only matters when the person who discovers this decides it matters. For those with no faith, the death of God means nothing. For people of faith, it is a devastating conclusion. However,   it seems that it should be argued that people of faith, for whom seeing is not believing, should never become convinced that God does not exist and should be completely unaffected by Nietzsche. In essence, since God is a concept defined by man, its importance is likewise defined by man.    Nietzsche Nietzsche says, in effect, that between Plato, Augustine, and the Buddhist there's â€Å"not a dime's worth of difference. † What features does he see them as having in common? Why does he not share these points of view? Nietzsche viewed our values in life in a different way than most philosophers. He had a different perspective in the meanings behind â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad. † Most philosophers defined â€Å"good† as the weak and ill ones, by Judgement of ranking and high class to low class. Nietzsche believed that all philosophers lacked the â€Å"historical spirit itself.They all have the common Judgement of determining the concept and judgement of â€Å"good. † Nietzsche talks about how unegoistic actions were always praised as good even when they weren't naturally good. Nietzsche believes that the judgement in â€Å"good† does not stem from those who goodness is rendered. This means those to who goodness was shown weren't actually goo d. He believed that the noble and powerful ones, the ones who were ranked as good because of high- ranking, high-minded, and powerful ranked themselves and their doings of â€Å"good. The good good is compared to the word truth because the good is the truth and the ruth is the good.The rich, high ranking, strong, beautiful, brave and powerful are associated with the truth and good. As for the poor, ugly, common and low ranking, they are associated with cowardice and lying. Nietzsche blames the Jews for the views and how people defined â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† because the Jews, who were poor, and common, were in Nietzsche words â€Å"the most refined hates in human history. † It is because of the Jews that people view the poor, and wretched as good and the powerful and noble as evil. This brings us to the conclusion that Nietzsche believes hey all have in common in what he calls the slave revolt in morality.The slave revolt in morality begins when resentment becomes a creative force. It gives birth to new values and causes a battle between power, values, and ranking issues. The slave revolt morality causes the slave to feel much resentment against its master, Resentment that turns into evil. Imaginary revenge builds up within a slave against its master, turning the slave to â€Å"bad/evil. † In the slave revolt morality, the slave see themselves as the good and their masters as the evil ones when in reality it urns into the opposite because of the resentment that builds up inside them against their masters.The man of resentment allows for hatred to grow in him and having to rely on secrets and scheming, becoming more clever than the noble man. Also, slave morality declines what is different, and not itself. It says â€Å"no† to an outside and anything that is different, this is a creative deed. It makes people realize the distinctions between things. This is important because it us a system that helps level everything out instead of promoting greatness. Nietzsche By rosast6

An Analysis of Egalias Daughters

In the satire of the sexes, Egalia’s Daughters by Gerd Brantenberg, there is put forth a society different from which has ever been present in modern times. This would be a society where women were at the forefront and did the decision making, worked and held governmental positions. The men were portrayed in the way females live in present society, though it was often exaggerated to make that point. Men were dominated and ruled by women and had to do their bidding and cook for them and take care of the children, so on and so forth. By taking a hard look at how sexuality is imagined and experienced on all analytical levels and picking apart the social construction of gender in Egalia’s Daughters, society itself in the present can start to be unraveled as well. What is found in this book can transfer over to a point and parallel itself with present experiences of women and their struggle for equality, recognition and acknowledgement. In order to fully analyze the sexes in this book, the micro, meso and macro levels need to be looked at individually to observe where sexuality is imagined and experienced by both genders. On the micro level, the sexes are very different from one another in this book. The women are expected to be large in weight and wear pants and shirts. The men are often wearing skirts and blouses with a contraption called a peho which holds their genitals in place. This can be compared with a bra to women in society today. When Patronius Bram has to buy his first peho he’s struck with much anxiety and wondering. This means he’s beginning to enter adulthood and will attend the Maidmen’s Ball. Here is where boys expect to be â€Å"swept off their feet† by a certain woman and taken into a maidmen-room and engage in some sort of sexual activity. The boys expect it to be a wonderful experience and hope to have actual intercourse. The women on the other hand appear rather rowdy and in it only for the sexual relations. The whole goal of this ball is for the boys to be offered something called â€Å"fatherhood protection† from a woman. This can be compared to becoming engaged to be married in modern society today. Women view men as a sort of hindrance in this book—just view them as weak and by giving them fatherhood protection they’re doing them a huge favor. It’s the men that seem to actually love the women that choose them and try to not always focus on what’s going to happen sexually. On the meso level, it’s clear that there are certain norms regarding sexuality which are present in schools and the community. The classrooms in Egalia’s Daughters are dominated by the girls. There are many degrading comments coming from girls to boys. Boys are expected to be wearing their peho at all times when they leave the house even though it is often uncomfortable and not wanted. If they are seen without it it’s similar to the reaction of people in modern society seeing a woman who isn’t wearing her bra. Johnson writes in â€Å"Patriarchy, the system,† that socialization is just a process used to teach people how to participate in social systems (33). The men in this book are taught by what they are told to do and fall into specific roles that almost appear pre-determined. If they deviate from the norm, they are shunned which becomes evident at the end of the book when Patronius is trying to make changes and is persecuted for it and his ideas/beliefs. This correlates directly with feminists and the feminist movement that’s prominent in society today. The rules and expectations have been in place for so long it almost seems futile that true change will ever occur. However, as the book illustrates there’s always some others with the same beliefs and aspirations of equality. The women in the book don’t fully realize that though the society was built on equality, men are hardly equal to women. Johnson also writes â€Å"patriarchal culture is about the core value of control and domination in almost every area of human existence† (34). Though this is obviously a matriarchy, this domination is clear. Women make all the decisions regarding parliamentary laws and make the household decisions and control all finances. The men don’t usually work and are expected to watch the children (hence the term â€Å"housebound†) so they don’t have any access to money. They are made to be fully dependent on their woman. Even when engaging in sexual activity there are permissible positions and others that are regarded as dirty or deviant because the man is in control, which is unacceptable. It’s very interesting because the same can be said of modern society today. Women often have little access to financial means and have long since been expected to stay home with the children and let the husband work. This can actually be better explained when looked at on the macro-level. Though this book isn’t about a nation it’s fairly well-spread and established that women are in control of everything. There are some societies that differ in the treatment of men but it’s still a matriarchal situation. Gender in Egalia is socially constructed, similar to how it is in modern society—but opposite. Where men are considered inferior to women. Lorber writes â€Å"gender is one of the major ways that human beings organize their lives† (24). He goes on to describe how it occurs at birth when the genitalia are seen. In the book mothers often hope for a daughter like fathers in modern society often want a son. The reactions to certain events and punishments from women mold the men to be obedient and oppressed. When Patronius is telling his mother he wants to be a seawom diver she just tells him that no real menwim want to go to see. This immediately puts Patronius on a path of secrecy regarding his beliefs and ideas because he will just be told he’s not being realistic and his hopes dashed. He also can see from this that similar treatment will occur elsewhere because the society’s ideas are widespread and accepted. His little sister Ba is already demanding and abusive towards Patronius because she feels entitled since she’s a girl and he’s a boy. She ridicules him on being part of the frail sex and makes rude comments often. She’s been born into this society and her mother only encourages her by not punishing her when she ridicules Patronius. She’s just being a girl and that’s what girls do to boys. Sound familiar? Modern society would say the exact opposite, boys will be boys. So it can be said that Ba is not entirely responsible for the way she acts; it’s accepted and widespread although it certainly isn’t very civil. No one has a problem with it and it just begins a vicious cycle. In Egalia women are threatened by any uprising from men. Patronius tries to make changes that make men become more of an equal to women (though far from it) and he is shot down by the female lawmakers. Which are all of them—there are no men to have say in the laws and regulations. These men are looked at like all they are doing is stirring up trouble and are subject to ridicule and various shunning behaviors. This is also recognized by Hogeland in her article â€Å"Fear of Feminism† where she writes about feminism not being a fear of gender but a fear of the politics involved (18). Many men didn’t participate in any rebellion in Egalia because they feared repercussions or didn’t think their lives were all that bad and didn’t understand the magnitude of what was happening. This parallels directly to the feminist movement that occurred in the United States. As shown above, it’s evident that Egalia’s Daughters employs complete role-reversal of the sexes to illustrate the inequality that exists. By doing this every little think is analyzed and the reader can really see and pick out everything that contributes to one sex becoming more authoritative and powerful than another. Sexuality is present on all levels of analysis but experienced differently by each gender. Even in society today, when asking men and women their opinions and ideas on gender equality there will be very different responses. Men will often hinder change without even realizing it because they’re more privileged and don’t want to see their power leave them. The social construction of gender is also very easy to see throughout the book.

To begin assignment read Henry Mintzberg's article (enclosed) The Fall Essay

To begin assignment read Henry Mintzberg's article (enclosed) The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning (Harvard Business Review, January-February 1994) - Essay Example One weakness with strategic planning is that it is comprised of a calculated approach which is fixed towards attaining a goal in contrast to strategic thinking which is committed to encompass other people’s views in attainment of that particular goal. Strategies are only effective if committed people infuse them with their energy directed at achieving the stipulated goals. On the other hand, it can be noted that planning could not learn or think but only limited to the widely held belief of doing things within an organisation. He posits that strategic planning should have been termed strategic programming rather where it would be promoted as a process to formalise the strategies that have already been developed. On its own, planning cannot generate strategies. However, planning is important in that it promotes coordination and also ensures that everyone in the organisation pulls in the same direction. It can be used to gain moral support from outsiders who are more influential to the organisation. In this scenario, it can be noted that as human beings, we are inclined to formalise our behaviour in most instances but careful consideration has to be taken when it comes to strategy making process. Strategy making is often a complex activity which requires creativity in the process. The extent to which we are guided by formalisation sometimes make us stop thinking beyond what is regarded as the norm. When it comes to strategic making process, intuitive thinking ought to play a pivotal role in informing and shaping of the organisational vision. This can be possible through the use of effective thinking which is not only subjected to the principles stipulated to be followed. A close analysis of the given article shows that it is concerned with highlighting some of the shortfalls of strategic planning that can impede the process of strategic decision making process which ought to be guided by

Managed Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managed Care - Essay Example In this type of organization there is a very good interlinks that is formed between the hospitals, doctors as well as the various health insurance plans and mostly these three can be found in the same organization. In such cases it is found that the HMO will own the hospital and the salaries of the physicians are paid by them. Under normal circumstances, the patients have to go for the managed care plan that is being offered by the organization and only in very extreme cases, the patient can opt for other types of medical care providers. It has been widely seen that the HMO offers medical plans that are quite friendly to the pockets of the patients, since they force both the doctors as well as the patient to control the cost for the medical treatment that is to be undergone. As a result they are considered to be much more advantageous than other plans but at the same time they lack the quality aspect through the control of costs. (Nguyen 2009) Fee For Service or FFS: In this case of plan the patient can choose any doctor as well as any type of health care provider they wish. As a result the physicians are paid fees on each visit of the patient and in addition to this; the patients also have to pay for the various medical tests that they undergo.

The Effects of the Current Global Recession on the Tourism Industry Dissertation

The Effects of the Current Global Recession on the Tourism Industry - Dissertation Example However, it is not easy to get the customer to come in with a smile and a treat. This dissertation presents a discussion about the impact of the current recession of 2008/2009 on the European tourism and hospitality industries and strategies for competition.   I certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of research carried out by the author of this study. The main content of the study which has been presented contains work that has not previously been reported anywhere.   The business cycle is constantly ongoing and with it, the world moves from a bright and healthy expansion, in which everyone is optimistic and looking to fulfill their dreams, into dark and difficult recessions during which everyone is fearful (Navarro, 2005, pp. 1 – 5). The Business cycle causes jobs to be created lost, with companies rising and falling with the business cycle. An interlinked global economy makes it difficult for nations or even regions to remain insulated from what takes place in other parts of the world. Thus, a hiccup in one part of the world often results in its effects being felt elsewhere. However, the movement from expansion into a recession is nothing new and the Great Depression, the Asian Financial Crisis, the recessions after the World Wars and the 1890 financial crisis in England are a testimony to this. Juglars eight-year cycles and longer-term waves which are cycles of 17 to 18 years coupled with the even longer Kondratevs cycles that averag e fifty years in length have long been studied by economists (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008, â€Å"Business Cycle†). A decline in production and employment, which causes incomes and the spending power of households to decline, are the consequences of a recession.

ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Sector - Essay Example This essay is to evaluate the extents to which use of ICT has been embraced in the tourism and hospitality industries especially in small and medium enterprises. The paper will identify the various applications or innovations of information and communication technology that have been integrated into the mentioned industries and how they have helped in improving operations. This essay will point out the major areas of ICT advancement by use of a case study of one of the companies operating in the said industry. The selected case study is the Galle Fort Hotel in Sri Lanka. The hotel is a world recognized hospitality destination with a simplicity that has won the hearts of many people visiting the Galle Fort tourist attraction in the country. The beach hotel is owned by an Australian family with a total of 13 guest rooms and has won many awards among them the 2007 UNESCO heritage conservation award and the world travel award 2009 for being the country’s leading boutique hotel and many others. The hotel has embraced the use of ICT and has a fully functional website. This paper will closely examine its ICT use through the various applications it has employed in order to help it in the day to day operations. From early times, Sri Lanka has been a major tourist attraction for visitors across the globe. The Galle Fort Hotel is one of the best boutique hotels in the country. The hotel is built on the fortified old town of Galle that was founded by the Portuguese in the 16th century. This points out to how it has been set out on a historical and world heritage site. To turn this around whilst ensuring that the area retains its rich historical and cultural heritage is definitely a great challenge. However, the hotel has adopted the use of ICT as evidenced by its presence in the internet through its official website and other social networking sites like face book.

Simplifying Expressions Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Simplifying Expressions - Speech or Presentation Example Expressions are solved by moving terms around, combining like terms, applying the real numbers’ properties. There are several ways in which the properties of real numbers help in the simplification of the algebraic expressions. For instance, the distributive property of real numbers is applied to multiply the terms inside the parenthesis with the real numbers outside them which results into the parenthesis removal. Likewise, terms are moved to different places in the expressions with the help of the commulative property of real numbers. Concluding, we have to deal with real numbers in everyday life as the principles discussed in this assignment have application in matters as simple as totaling the price of items bought at a grocery store for the bill to as complex matters as engineering designs and calculations. In all the cases, expressions are solved using the same distributive and commulative properties of real numbers that have been discussed. Hence, knowledge of the principles of real numbers is essential to achieve accurate results in mathematics including

Evaluate the ways in which employee and industrial relation issues are Essay

Evaluate the ways in which employee and industrial relation issues are related to strategic HRM - Essay Example d strategic management of human resource assets could allow a company to outperform the competition therefore it is important to understand how strategic HRM can help a company. Businesses may have access to the same level of technology and the tools for production but access to the right kind of human resources is often far more important. Once recruited, keeping employees engaged becomes a difficult task as individuals have to be motivated and developed according to their needs in order to keep them performing at their peak. Strategic HR management can help a company achieve that by earmarking those individuals who show promise and following a system where the highest performing employees are rewarded as well as promoted while the worst performers are asked to leave the company. GE is one company which uses a system of forced employee ranking based on their performance for the company and that system is an important part of the strategic management of human resources for them (Welch, 2005). The system used by GE is simple. Employees are ranked according to their performance without any ties and then the top 20% are rewarded with training, bonuses, stock options and other rewards. Half of all bonuses and management time is spent with the middle 70% but the bottom ten percent of the pile is simply shown the door at the end of the year. They may be shifted to other departments or other divisions of the firm but they are not retained if their performance does not rise sufficiently (Welch, 2005). Welch (2005) suggests that in terms of strategic HRM, the middle 70% is the most valued asset for a company since they do most of the work. With training and attention, this group can produce many stars for the company in the future. However, for the bottom ten percent, performance evaluation reports, employee performance meetings and a record of the missed targets need to be maintained so that when the time comes for the parting of ways, there is no uneasy surprise for

Managing and controlling Ethics programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managing and controlling Ethics programs - Essay Example However, any approach aims at enhancing moral responsibility of the employees (Brown, M, 2010, p.1). Notably, an ethics program entails a code of ethics, an audit system, organizational culture, and a mode of communication, ethical training, and a reporting mechanism (Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J & Ferrell, L., 2012, p.241-246). An effective ethics program creates a competitive advantage, enhances performance, increases profits, and ensures the attainment of the business goals. Ethically, the ethics program reduces misconduct, improves decision-making, and improves ethical awareness. Most specifically, an effective business ethics program should be formal to engage the operations, marketing, human resource, and all the other units of a business. However, it is clear that to design and implement an effective ethics program, a lot of management and control is necessary. Indeed, since businesses have different scope and have different goals, any business adopts ethic programs that are re asonable and effective to specific businesses. As such, it is the manadate of the management to ensure the design and implementation of an effective ethics program. In managing and controlling an effective business ethics program, the organization must have the relevant resources. Most specifically, the organization must have qualified and ethical leaders and managers. This will guarantee quality, professionalism, and effective design, management, implementation, and control of all ethical practices in the organization. The organization must also have a business environment that fosters ethical behaviour in the organization. The management has the mandate to ensure that the business environment is ethical friendly and they should not compromise ethical culture in an organization. Additionally, the mangers should establish an organizational culture that fosters commitment to ethical conduct and compliance to the law. Indeed,

Mussolini Policies Essay Example for Free

Mussolini Policies Essay a) Relations with the Catholic Church: Even though Mussolini had seemed anti-clerical and had written â€Å"God Does Not Exist† he had began forming a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church because of its huge power and influence. He had begun forming this good relationship by getting married in a church in 1926 and having his two children baptized. He had also closed down some wine shops and nightclubs. In 1929 the Lateran treaty was signed after a series of meetings it had recognized the pope’s sovereign rule, the church had received 750 million lire cash and 1000 million lire in government bonds for the loss of the papal states in 1860. Catholicism had also become the state religion; church marriages became legal, religious education were a must in secondary schools, catholic action would continue as long as it was independent of political parties and it was subordinate to the church’s hierarchy. This treaty had gotten the church and it’s faithful followers on Mussolini’s side. However, this treaty had angered the radical fascists who were anti-clerical since the independence of the church meant there would be no totalitarian rule. The church had also been against communism and socialism therefore when the fascist destroyed the left this had brought Mussolini closer to the church. Mussolini had also strengthened this relationship by exempting the clergy from paying taxes in the mid 1920’s in return the Pius XI forced Dom Sturzo to resign since he was a fierce opponent of fascism. However, some friction remained between the fascist government and the Catholic Church as the catholic youth movements rivaled the fascist youth and student organizations. Moreover, some of the members of the catholic student organization were becoming influential and became significant leaders in the Christian Democratic Party in Italy after 1945 such as Aldo Moro in the 1930’s, which created problems for the fascists. The pope had also disapproved of the anti-Semitic laws introduced by Mussolini. However, he had approved of the invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 since it was similar to a crusade and his intervention in the Spanish civil war in 1926 to stop the Left. Mussolini’s relationship with the church remained well since they both gained a lot from their treaty. This policy had brought back the church’s power and had made Mussolini’s aim to build a new fascist generation impossible. b) Education and youth movements: Italian fascism like all other fascists had wanted to influence the young generation. In 1926 the Opera Nazionale Balilla was established bringing together fascist youth organizations and giving government funding. It was placed under the ministry of education in 1929 and they had begun closing rival youth organizations except the catholic youth groups. In 1932 the Ballila membership became obligatory. In 1937 the ONB joined with the young fascists to create one youth organization called Gioventu Italiana del Littorio for 6-21 year olds. The Ballila was political and it was militarized but it was also filled with sports and recreational activities, which attracted children, but 40% of the population had not joined showing the failure of this policy. At first Italian schools had some freedom but Mussolini had appointed the philosopher Giovanni Gentile to become the first minister of education. In 1923 Gentile had passed the education act which had changed education by promoting grammar schools, encouraging philosophy, classical studies and had not emphasized on technical and vocational education. To ensure that the schools would not spread anti-fascist ideas, anti-fascist teachers were removed and teachers were forced to take an oath of loyalty. Mussolini had started to really control schools in the mid 1930’s, as schools were obliged to use fascist textbooks. In 1936 there was also a history textbook that had to be taught which focused on promoting a part of Italian history that would create loyalty to Mussolini. Physical education was also important to have healthy kids who could go to war and be prepared for motherhood. Therefore, Mussolini had greatly impacted education in order to create loyalty to him. c) The battle of the births In order to make Italy a great power Mussolini had launched in 1927 a battle for the births so that Italy’s population could go from 37 to 60 million. The government started encouraging marriage by forcing more taxes on bachelors, awarding prizes to women with the most children, families with 10 or more children were exempted from paying taxes, loans were given to newly married couple, family allowances were introduced in 1934 finally the criminal code in 1932 had banned contraception, abortion and sterilization. This policy had failed since birth rate continued to fall in 1922 there was 147.5 births for every 1000 women of childbearing age while in 1936 it had fallen to 102.7 births. The population had only reached 44 million in 1940. However, this was only due to the falling of death rate and emigration but the government had failed to encourage early marriage as the average age at which they got married rose from the 1930’s. d) The media and the arts Mussolini wanted to suppress opposition so he started by censoring newspapers in 1923 and the fascists government had taken owned 10% of newspapers which meant it did not take over press but controlled what they wrote as the editors that would oppose him would be fined or banned from journalism. At first the fascist government saw radio and film as being insignificant but this changed when the government broadcasts increased and the ownership of radios went up to one million. Similarly, in 1924 a government film agency called Istituto Luce was created to make documentaries. In 1937 the government founded an Italian film studio called Cinecitta. However, Mussolini began really using propaganda in the 1930’s in order to form a new type of Italian, a heroic and energetic one. In 1925 the cult of the Duce was launched as was the biography of Mussolini called Dux. In this book Mussolini was presented as an athlete, hard working and loved the people. There were also many parades to elaborate rituals in order to revive roman spirit. The use of propaganda had aided Mussolini to become more popular in the years 1929-36. However, this popularity had begun to diminish once Mussolini became more radical as he applied the anti-Semitic policy and joined WWII. Mussolini did not get involved in art as much as Hitler had but there were division within the fascists as to which type of art to support. The neo-classicists preferred architecture and art that was inspired by ancient Rome while the modernists encouraged experimental art. Therefore, this lead to the formation of two artistic prizes, the Cremona prize for traditional art and propaganda while the Bergamo prize encouraged experimentation. To try to spread access to art the fascist government organized almost 50 art exhibitions a year. e) Racial policies (Anti-Semitic laws) Early on Mussolini had not shown any signs anti-Semitism however he had been racist against Africans in Libya and Abyssinia. One of the theories is that Mussolini had wanted to weaken the Jews because in the 1930’s he wanted to start a war and was not sure whether they would be loyal or not. Another theory is that in 1938 Mussolini was getting closer to Germany but while Hitler never pushed him to adopt anti-Semitism he might have chosen to adopt it in order to get closer to Hitler. Mussolini had started this policy by writing an article on reducing the number of Jews in 1938. He had then banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews, forbidden the Jews from jobs in civil service, teaching and PNF membership. The Jewish kids were also excluded from state schools and up to 10000 non-Italian Jews were deported. This law had caused Mussolini to become unpopular even within his own party who was made up of one third of Jews. The church that had a major influence had also criticized this law therefore making Mussolini even more unpopular. By 1941 6000 Italian Jews had left Italy among them were businessmen, professionals and academics therefore when they left the economy was badly affected. And wasn’t implemented systematically f) Other areas/ points of your own: Economic policies Mussolini had wanted to improve the economy to prevent foreign input this policy was called Autarky. He had adopted the battle of the grains in 1925 to improve agriculture to increase grain production in order to show economic strength therefore leading to nationalism. This policy had succeeded as imports were reduced by 75% between 1925 and 1935 therefore increasing Mussolini’s popularity. However, to increase production of wheat he needed more land to plant and he started using the land suitable for citrus which caused a decrease in their production and poverty in the south still continued. Another policy he had adopted was the corporate state in 1926 to manage relationships between employer and employee so as to cooperate therefore leading to more production. By 1934 22 corporations were set up and had succeeded to influence the economy. However, the corporations were just advisors that were dominated by fascists therefore they did what is best for them and left the worker’s interests aside. g) Conclusion Mussolini had adopted many policies that had gained him popularity and changed the Italian society such as the relationship with the church and influencing the media and the arts. However, when he had become more radical and adopted the anti-Semitic policy and tried to control education he had began losing popularity, which had eventually lead to his fall. To what extent was Mussolini influential in international affairs in the 1930’s? After the league of nations was undermined by the Manchuria crisis therefore when Hitler had began expanding and broke the treaty of Versailles by announcing his intention to build an army of 550000 men using conscription Mussolini decided to sign the stress front on 1935 with France and Britain. This stated that the three countries would take action if Germany broke the treaty of Versailles further. However, this agreement fell apart when Britain did not consult Italy or France before singing the Anglo-German naval agreement in 1935, which allowed Germany to expand its navy beyond what the treaty Versailles had allowed. Mussolini had also invaded Abyssinian, which Britain and France disapproved of. Therefore this shows that his international affairs with other countries had failed. Moreover, when Mussolini had invaded Abyssinia in 1935 it had changed his foreign policy completely his relationship with Britain and France was destroyed while his relationship with Germany was improving. Although Mussolini though France and Britain would not react to this invasion the League of Nations imposed economic sanctions since Britain was being undermined. However, Germany continued to trade with Italy and Mussolini ignored the sanctions therefore strengthening their relationship and weakening the league. In addition, Mussolini had also intervened in the Spanish civil war as he send 70000 troops to Spain to help support general Franco. Although he had failed he had sent them in order to weaken France who had a similar government as Spain and to have a naval base in the Balearic Islands to help promote Italian power in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, Mussolini’s relationship with Germany had also been strengthened as they had signed the Rome-berlin axis. Italy had also walked out of the League of Nations as Germany had done. It is also said that Mussolini had adopted the anti-Semitic policy in order to get closer to Germany and to make Italy more radical. As Mussolini became closer to Hitler he had changed his foreign policy towards Austria as he allowed Germany to increase its influence over Austria. In 1938 after the newly appointed chancellor Seyss-Inquart had invited Hitler to send troops, Hitler had attacked Austria and Mussolini had not rejected. Moreover, when a crisis broke out because Hitler had wanted to invade Czechoslovakia after he demanded that the Czech government allow the German speaking are of Czechoslovakia to unite with Germany. Therefore, it seemed that Britain and France would side with Czechoslovakia therefore causing war. Mussolini played the role of peacemaker and set up the Munich conference in 1938. Mussolini was also encouraged by Britain and France’s appeasement of Hitler to avoid aggression to start a more violent foreign policy. Mussolini had also been aware of him being the weak partner in the Italian-German relationship therefore this encouraged him to become violent to be more influential. He started by invading Albania in 1939. He then signed the pact of steel with Germany in 1939, which forced the two countries to support each other in case of war. This was an advantage for Germany who was likely to enter a war while Italy would be helped to expand.

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example for Free

Harlem Renaissance Essay Emerging from the bonds of slavery the African American, for the first time, had the opportunity to identify and express himself as a character in the vast drama that is the United States. â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance began only fifty-six years after slavery had ended. † (Hardy, 16). Finally, an enormous portion of the nation that had been actively oppressed for centuries had the opportunity to articulate itself through art, music, and literature—as well as to define what it was to be black in America. The Harlem Renaissance was limited to Harlem for two reasons: first, the south remained an exceedingly difficult and dangerous place to live, where freedoms were limited and trampled by whites seeking to preserve their place in society; and second, the north, although promising utter equality, remained starkly segregated and economically grueling for African Americans. As a result, most blacks in New York City were quartered off into the worst sections of town; however, they remained free enough to explore themselves intellectually, spiritually, and creatively. The Harlem Renaissance was an important happening in the United States because it reflected the fundamental aspects of a culture that had been deliberately silenced since the first slave ship had arrived in Jamestown. The stream of black Americans crossing into the north from the southern states that had began since the Declaration of Independence exploded into a raging flood of migration between the years of 1920 and 1925. In this brief period alone â€Å"more than two million black people moved from the south to the north. There was a strong feeling of progress and the hope that life in the north would be sweeter. † (Hardy, 17). The north offered something that the south could not—in addition to the tradition of free blacks—black Americans could easily find and secure jobs working in factories and manufacturing plants. This allowed many rural African Americans to escape their ties to southern lands, and inhabit an urban area where their culture could be celebrated—at least locally—and their wages, slightly more substantial. This provided a unique environment to any cultural movement until that time. Specifically, this was because African American players in the Harlem Renaissance no-longer sought to ingratiate themselves into mainstream white American culture, but instead, to stake their own unique claim upon the traditions of this nation. They openly separated themselves, because they were separated. Rather than downplay their differences, they were celebrated. â€Å"Sterling Brown [a Renaissance writer], has identified five themes animating the movement: (1) Africa as a source of pride, (2) black American heroes, (3) racial political propaganda, (4) the black folk tradition, and (5) candid self-revelation. † (Beckman, 7). Taken together, all these themes are consequences of black America’s re-affirmation of itself. Famous editor of the NAACP magazine The Crisis, W. E. B. Du Bois attributed the movement to what he called the â€Å"talented tenth. † This was the elite one-tenth of the percent of the black community in Harlem that excelled in self expression and reflection. The duel-edged foundation of the northern black community—freedom and repression—seeded a reaction in this portion of the population, â€Å"The Talented Tenth of Harlem reacted by seeking to create the image of the ‘New Negro. ’† (Beckman, 8). Importantly, the leaders of the Renaissance recognized that the traditional pathways to social change were blocked by white America—they lacked wealth and political power. Consequently, the image of the â€Å"New Negro† needed to be expressed through the arts and literature. The movement itself took the form of three major phases. The first phase began in about 1920 and stretched into 1923; it drew strongly from white literary and artistic influences that had been sensitive to the black cause. â€Å"The second phase, from about 1924 to 1926, began when more blacks began to express their creativity and philosophy themselves. † (Beckman, 9). The third and final phase was dominated by what Zora Neale Hurston would later call the â€Å"Niggerati,† who were extremely prolific black writers and artists who stressed the importance of art for the sake of art. Partially, the last phase can be thought of as a negative reaction to the reliance of the second phase upon propaganda. Essentially, the Harlem Renaissance cannot be understood as an event, but a process—a vast progression of thought and expression from the black community. The creation of the New Negro, therefore, was a subject of constant debate. â€Å"What aspects of black culture should be celebrated was the subject of great argument during the Harlem Renaissance. † (Haskins, 14). This question is what spurred the progression of the movement into and out of each of its stages. But overall, â€Å"The art and literature of the Harlem Renaissance focus on proving the humanity and equality of African Americans. † (Hardy, 18). Despite the debates within the Renaissance, the elemental myths they aimed to dispel remained the same. The idea that blacks were naturally inferior to whites needed to be explicitly proven wrong for the framework of inequality and racism to be demolished. The Harlem Renaissance was truly the launch pad for the equal rights movements and American artistic movements that were to follow. Not only were the notions of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X formed by the members of the Renaissance, but jazz and the blues came out of it as well. Its influence cannot only be felt in the intellectual conceptions of America, but in realms of art and entertainment as well. For this reason it is rather difficult to pinpoint when the movement ended. The convenient ending is to place it at the stock market crash of 1929. However, although it could be argued that the works to emerge out of the black community were fundamentally different after this time, it would be impossible to claim that everything since the Harlem Renaissance has not, in some way, drawn from or been a reaction to its core notions. Bibliography: 1. Beckman, Wendy Hart. (2002). Artists and Writers of the Harlem Renaissance. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers. 2. Hardy, P. Stephen and Sheila Jackson Hardy. (2000). Extraordinary People of the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Grolier Publishing. 3. Haskins, Jim. (1996). The Harlem Renaissance. Brookfield: Millbrook Press.

Dairy Industry In India Marketing Essay

Dairy Industry In India Marketing Essay In India the dairy industry is of crucial importance. The country is the worlds largest milk producer and accounts for more than 13% of worlds total milk production. India consumes almost 100 % of its own milk production and is stated to be the worlds largest consumer of dairy products. Dairy products constitute as a major source of cheap and nutritious food to millions of people in India and the only acceptable form of animal protein for large vegetarian segments of the Indian population. (Karmakar, 2006) Top Dairy companies in India: Amul is one of the topmost companies in the dairy industry, which recorded a sales turnover of 67113 million Rs in 2008-09 (Amul, 2009). Followed by Nestle India Pvt Ltd. with a turnover of 51672 million Rs (Nestle, 2009) and Britannia Pvt Ltd whose turnover were 34523 (Britannia, 2009) In this report I have chosen Amul Pvt Ltd, as it is the largest milk production company in Asia. 1.2 History of the Company: Amul Pvt Ltd. is the company that is renowned for initiating the phenomena of The White Revolution in India; making the country the largest manufacturer of milk and its by products in the world. Amul was established on December 14th, 1946. Dr Verghese Kurien also referred to, as the Father of the White Revolution is the man behind the success of the company. AMUL is an acronym for Anand Milk Producers Union India Limited. Amul was setup as a model for development in rural areas. Amul is located in the state of Gujarat, in a small town called Anand. (Business maps of India, 2010) Amul was taken over by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation [GCMMF] in 1973.Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation is one of Indias largest food products marketing organization. Its main aim is to provide to the farmers remunerative returns and for the benefit of the consumers provide them with quality products which are value for money. (Amul, 2010) 1.3 Company Statistics: Members: 13 district cooperative milk producers Union No. Of Producer Members: 2.9 million No. Of Village Societies: 15,322 Total Milk handling capacity: 13.07 million litres per day Milk Collection (Total: 2009-2010) 3.32 billion litres Milk Collection (Average: 2009-2010) 9.10 million litres Milk Drying Capacity: 647 Mts. Per day Cattle feed manufacturing Capacity: 3740 Mts. Per day (Amul, 2010) 1.4 Company Financials: [4] Sales Turnover Rs (million) US $ (in million) 2000-01 22588 500 2001-02 23365 500 2002-03 27457 575 2003-04 28941 616 2004-05 29225 672 2005-06 37736 850 2006-07 42778 1050 2007-08 52554 1325 2008-09 67113 1504 2009-10 80053 1700 (Amul, 2010) 1.4.1 Amuls Sales turnover [4] *Graph based on the figures from the table above (Turnover is in Million US $) The company recorded a growth of 28.8 % despite the global economic downturn. From a turnover of 1325 million dollars in 2007-08 the milk giant jumped to 1504 million dollars in 2008-09, resulting in a double-digit turnover 3 years in a row 1.4.2 Exports *Graph based on the figures from the tables above (Turnover in Crore Rs) The company witnessed a growth in spite of the global economic meltdown. The companys exports reached 133 crore Rs in 2008-09 in comparison to the 125 crores in 2007-08. Amul products are exported to a number of countries namely Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Mauritius, Singapore, UAE and USA 1.5 Product Range: Amul is recognized as the biggest brand in the pouched mile sector of the world and stated to be Indias largest food brand. Amul has a varied range of products, which include: Milk Milk Powders Ghee (Saturated Butter) Butter Cheese Paneer (Cottage Cheese) Yogurt Chocolate and confectionaries Ice-Cream Infant Milk Range The products under these categories are available under a brand umbrella with over 60 different product names. Amul has been very famous for Milk, butter and cheese. Amul milk is sold under brand names such as Taaza, Gold and Shakti. Amul butter is available under names such as Amul butter and Lite. Cheese is available under brand names of Processed cheese spreads, godiva and Emmental (Amul, 2010) 1.6 Consumers Relationships with Amul Products: For consumers, dairy product are an integral part of their lifestyle irrespective of the fact to which strata of the society they belong to. Thus the relationship created between them is Interdependence, the products form a part of the consumers daily routine. Amuls Marketing Mix: Product The Products form a part of the FMCG industry. The products are essential commodities bought on a regular basis. Price Amul products are priced at relatively affordable prices for all the segments of the market, however certain products are priced comparatively higher and are bought by a segment of the market with higher purchasing power. Place Locations of the stores play the most significant role in higher sales of the product. As stated earlier their distribution network consists of over 2 million retail outlets. Promotion Amul launched one of the most successful campaigns with the utterly Butterly Girl character which resulted as an entry into Guinness book of world records for the longest running campaign. The mascot has played an imperative role in increasing the brand recall value. 2 Analysis and Data Interpretation: According to Mr. P.G. Bhatol, the companys chairman, he said in the 35th annual report of the company 2008-09 that The Company registered a growth of 28% against the backdrop of the global recession. (Bhatol, 2009) This statement by the chairman reveals the fact that in spite of the economic downturn, the buying decision making process of the consumer remained unchanged during the changing financial situations. 2.1 Buying Decision-Making Process The Model (i) (Adapted from Cox, R and Brittain, P (2000), Retail Management, 4th Edition, Pitman Publishing) The growth of the company can be attributed to the consumers buying decision-making process. The Buying Decision-Making process as seen in the diagram above begins with the a simple need, in context with buying any amul product the process can be explained as: It all begins with the Need. The consumers require these dairy products on a daily basis as this product falls within the essential commodity category. Although these products are required on a regular basis, consumers recognize the need to buy these commodities either on a certain occasion when they run out of it or they feel need to buy and store it for future consumption. Since dairy products are a customary purchase, the involvement is low in comparison to buying a product such as a Television. This decision of buying the product is taken by a single person with little time consumption in making the final decision. Since this product is a low involvement purchase, there is only a limited amount of information search carried out. In some cases there is no conscious effort made by the customer to get the information regarding the product but is got when watching television or flipping through pages of the magazines. Amul being a very well established and old brand is probably only one of the reasons why consumers choose it. Amul has always focused a lot on advertising and their mascot is always used to portray the current situations When consumers look for information regarding any dairy products Amul would always be the first choice however a consumer will always look for alternatives, where they could find better quality products at better prices. Amul products are very reasonably priced in comparison to its competitors. The decision is obvious, as Amul is priced very reasonably in comparison to its competitor Mother dairy. Purchase of Amul products is made convenient through their strong distribution network. Distribution Network (2008) Number of Outlets Distribution for fresh milk 1800 Distribution for value added milk products 3500 (Amul, 2009) The consumer is already happy with the fact the product is available at every corner, and feels a sense of tremendous satisfaction with the high quality of the product bought at reasonable prices. 2.1.1 Habitual Decision-making: Habitual decision-making can be defined as choices that are made with little or at time without any conscious effort. The Constant increase in the sales turnover from 1050 million $ in 2006-07 to 1325 in 2007-08 and to 1504 million dollars during the recession hit period of 2008-09 could be attributed to the fact that these purchases are made because of habitual decision making behaviour of the consumer. The trend in which the profit increases year after year has a direct connect to the trend in which the consumer makes his purchase decision. Since dairy products are consumed on a daily basis their purchase can be termed as a habitual purchase, This process of habitual decision-making by the consumer is one of the foremost reasons of the companys success. Consumers of Amul products make this decision of buying the product with little or sometimes without any conscious effort. Thus the entire concept of habitual decision making by the consumer results in constant purchase of the same brand irrespective of the fact whether they can afford it at that point of time which increased sales of the company despite the recession and resulted with a 179 million $ profit. Apart from the fact that consumers made these purchases decisions out of habit they were also habituated to looking at the Amul Mascot i.e. the Uttlery Butterly Girl 50 years after it was first launched, Amuls sale figures have jumped from 1000 tonnes a year in 1966 to over 25,000 tonnes a year in 1997. No other brand comes even close to it. (Amul, 2010) amul30.jpg (Amul Hits, 2008) The topical ad released during the economic downturn in 2008 This ad campaign has been successful right from the start and all through out the economic depression. The ad above was made to address the economic downturn in 2008. This ad campaign to a great extent had a certain amount of influence on the consumer. Not only did the ad bring a little humor to the serious part of the recession but was somewhere etched in the back of the consumers mind. In terms of consumer behavior concepts, the entire ad campaign comes in play when a consumer has to make a choice between alternatives. The ad campaigns have a great impact on the consumer thus influences the consumers decisions while selecting the product from other competitor products. 2.1.2 The Alternatives: A detailed analysis of this reveals that alternatives are influenced by ad campaigns in the following ways (Solomon et all, 2010,334) It is a known fact that however loyal customers may be to a certain brand of products; at times they may tend to consider looking at other attractive alternatives. Through the ad campaign Amul, as brand has been lucky enough to create a niche in the minds of their consumers, to be more precise in the evoked set of their consumers. This evoked set is defined as the set of alternatives that the consumer already knows about and is aware of. This set consists of those products, which are already in memory i.e. the retrieval set. (Sololmon et all, 2010) If analyzed in context with the ad above, such an ad leaves an impact on the consumer. This ad was used to create a definite place for that product not only in the minds of the consumer but also establish a prominent place in the environment. It increases the brand recall value thus making the product (amul) seem the best choice from the rest. The ad campaigns to a large extent encourage the need of buying a product. 2.2 Needs and Behavior: According to Mr. P.G. Bhatol, the companys chairman, he said in the 35th annual report of the company 2008-09 that Since Milk and Milk products are basic staples for every Indian household, their demand is not likely to be affected by transient economic slumps (Bhatol, 2009) This statement when analyzed conveys the message that irrespective of the recession and the effect of it on the consumers, certain products, in this case being milk and its by products cannot be compromised on. The level of consumption by different consumers of these products may decrease but will certainly not be stopped. Sales figures of the company show an increase in these products during the year 2008-2009: Product Sales Growth (%) Amul Milk 44 % Amul Cheese 26% Amul Butter 17% Amul Ice-cream 16% Dairy Whitener 12% (Amul, 2009) A reason for this increase in sales during the recession can be linked directly to the concept of Maslows hierarchy. As these products fall under Physiological needs, these needs are inevitable, and they are essential for survival. These needs form the largest and most important part in Maslows hierarchy: (Solomon et all, 2010, 186) As Maslows hierarchy implies, the basic needs have to be fulfilled before climbing up the ladder. A consumer will for certain satisfy these basic lower level needs. Milk is just a part of the physiological needs however once that need is satisfied it gives rise to other needs and a consumer then satisfies all these needs together. This contributed to the increase in sales of the by products of milk. Related to Maslows hierarchy we could also explain a consumers behavior on the basis of Motives in particular. Looking at this motive classification we could understand the consumers behavior from a different perspective: (Blythe, pp 32-33) If we relate the concept of Maslows hierarchy with the different motives, the most predominant motive that influences the consumer when buying an Amul dairy product would be a dormant motive. These motives exist in the minds of the consumer but they are not aware of it. Consumers in their subconscious mind hold these dormant motives, which result in buying the same brand products over and over again without much effort. Dormant motives are connected to secondary motives. Secondary motives are the reasons why consumers buy a particular brand. This is probably the reason why they choose Amul over the other brands. A deeper analysis in to the statement reveals that the demand remained unaffected could be explained through the primary concept of needs and behaviour. It is a known fact that, if a need does not exist then there isnt any motivation to achieve the goal of satisfying the need. As stated by the chairman of the company Milk and milk products are staple for the people of India. Analysis of this statement leads to the fact that these needs are Biogenic needs, which are required to maintain life. The argument here could be further related to: Needs If milk is a staple then the need for it is essential. In this case the need is very high. Consumers needs for dairy products are constant with very little change. These needs have to be fulfilled almost instantly. This probably was a factor that resulted in the 44% growth of milk in 2008 Motivation A sense of tension is created when this need is left unfulfilled which will drive them to take some action and fulfill this need. Here in this case the consumer will find the need to buy the product, which will motivate him/her to go out to the closest store and buy it thus fulfilling its need. Wants It is possible that sometimes what we want may not be a need. A want is defined as the consumption behavior that satisfies the unfulfilled need. A want is not necessarily a need and a need is not necessarily a want. However in this case the need is more dominant then the want for it. Goals The basic need of dairy products leads to buying the product and achieving the goal of satisfying it by purchasing value products. When talking about value products, consumer satisfaction is a feeling directly related to it. Based on a recent consumer report by consumer daddy ® Amul scored a Customer satisfaction level of 5.003, which is considered as a good average score. nescsl.jpg (Consumer daddy ®, 2010) The above graph shows a constant trend in the level of satisfaction newcs1.jpg (Consumer daddy ®, 2010) For Amuls consumer the brand value and values for money are important aspects along with hygiene, reliability and safety of the product. This level of satisfaction a consumer wants from any product is related to the stages of the means end chain. From the above statistics it can be derived that for Amul consumers just the product wasnt the main goal but also the level of satisfaction achieved after the purchase. 2.3 The Means-End Chain: The chain is explained with the example of milk: (Tao, 2010) In the context of the consumer satisfaction report mentioned above, Consumer looks for maximum satisfaction in terms of the quality value over price. Price is incidental in this case while the company brand value and product value is predominant. Here when explaining the chain through milk, the attributes consumer gets are fresh and natural product, the consequence being the consumer gets a balanced diet which in the end results in a healthy life which is the Life goal of any consumer. 3. Conclusion: Amul will always be the first choice for consumers as it is a well-established brand and also provides good quality products, thus creating a niche in the minds of the consumers. Also amul has expanded extensively all over the country thus enabling the consumers to have easy access to the products at any given point of time. From the above analysis and data interpretation carried out, one can conclude that reason for the companys success [Amul] was purely based on the fact that these products were primary commodities and for consumers Amul was always their first choice based on the fact that is a very well established brand and is known for quality products. The Brand has created a niche in the minds of the consumers thus encouraging and gaining more customer loyalty. During the times of depression, Amul success could me based on the fact that there was a constant demand for essential commodities.

Importance of Setting in The Blue Hotel Essay -- Blue Hotel Essays Ste

Importance of Setting in Stephen Crane's The Blue Hotel  Ã‚  Ã‚   In   'The Blue Hotel,' Stephen Crane uses various provocative techniques to ensure that the setting adds to the richness of the story. 'The Blue Hotel' is set in a cold Nebraska town at the Palace Hotel in the late 1800's, but there is more to setting than just when and where a story takes place.   In a written work, it is the author's job to vividly depict events in order to keep the reader?s attention and to create colorful mental images of places, objects, or situations. The story is superbly enhanced through Crane?s use of setting to develop mood, to create irony, and to make nature foreshadow or imitate human actions. From the beginning, Crane creates an atmosphere of violence, eeriness, and uneasiness.   He writes, ?The Palace Hotel, then, was always screaming and howling in a way that made the dazzling winter landscape of Nebraska seem only a grey swampish hush.?   When Scully, the proprietor of the hotel, greets the Cowboy, the Easterner, and the Swede, the latter is seen as ?shaky and quick-eyed.?   He is a suspicious character that acts quite out of place.   The first people that the entourage encounters are playing cards.   It is Johnnie, who is the son of Scully, and an old farmer with grey and sandy whiskers.   The farmer spits tobacco juice into a sawdust box to show his contempt and anger towards Johnnie.   Johnnie agitates the farmer to such an extent that the farmer leaves the hotel silently explosive.   At this point, a new game of High Five begins.   The Cowboy immediately bothers the others with his incessant banging of the cards.   The Swede is silent until the game absorbs the other players.   He breaks this concentration when he says, ?I suppose there ... ...y stab by the gambler. Setting is one of the most important facets of a story.   It encompasses more than what simply meets the eye.   An elementary look into the setting of ?The Blue Hotel? reveals a place and possibly a time for a story to take place.   However, a deeper, more critical look exhibits how Crane uses a highly descriptive setting to explain the story rather than relying on character?s thoughts and dialogue.   Crane?s profound use of setting enables the reader to easily follow the storyline and, therefore, maximizes the experience of reading his short story.   It is little bits and pieces of detail that the reader gradually becomes aware of that make ?The Blue Hotel? a grand work of literature. Works Cited: Crane, Stephen. "The Blue Hotel." Norton Anthology of American Literature. Shorter Fourth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton, 1995. 1626-1645.

The Phenomenon of Greece :: Ancient Greece Essays

The Phenomenon of Greece Greece is a strange phenomenon the similar of which could hardly be equaled elsewhere in the world. The greatest misfortune of Turkey is that it is condemned to live with that country side by side. When the issue is Turkey, Greece always sees red. When we analyze the feelings of Athens toward Turkey, it is seen that those feelings exceed every criterion of what would be an "enmity ". The presence of the Turk has manifested itself in the behavior of the Greek as a ' psychological illness ". In other words, the policy oJthat country regarding Turkey is in a word "phenomenon ", and "ill founded ". That diagnosis may not sound well to the honest people. We art respectful for those people, however, is it possible to keep a blind eye to the realities, and continue an artificial cordiality when the issue is the dismemberment of the terrorists of a country? It is a fact that though Greece, with its agitations and behaviors exceeds in many issues any limits of toleration, 7tirkiye does not respond to the ugly policy of its neighbor, continuing its sober and warm policy. The frame of the Turkish foreign policy has been drafted by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. That is "Peace at home, peace in the world ". Turkey, in order not to endanger peace, turns a deaf ear to the behaviors of Greece, and some of its other neighbors. However, every endurance and tolerance has a limit. We are going to give the names of 451 organizations active in Greece below. However, their real number is more than 451. What we will enumerate are only those known. Those organizations after 1974 were founded with the mediation of the Greece governments coming to power. The sole aim for the establishment of those organizations is to "DISMEMBER TURKEY". Those organizations, are the main source of nourishment of the terrorism targeting Turkey. They helped the murderers of innocent women, children, old people to be accommodated in Greece, and then they send them back to Turkey, giving to them weapons. If we deal with the activities of those organizations one by one, we are required to write at least 3 volumes of books. The time of this endeavor will one day come. We cannot accuse all those organizations and associations as terrorist. The duty given to those not related to terrorism was to propagate against Turkey and show the people of the country they live as the "occupied Greek territories ".

The Role of the Princess in Jean Cocteau’s Film Orpheus Essay examples

The Role of the Princess in Jean Cocteau’s Film Orpheus â€Å"As he lay in his bed, Orpheus’ Death would watch him sleep.† This is one of the most notable reoccurring behaviors of the princess of death in Jean Cocteau’s Orpheus. As made apparent, one of the many differences between Cocteau’s version of Orpheus and the Greek version is that death is personified through a female princess, rather than that of a male god. How does Cocteau embody death through the princess, is she all powerful, does she escape mortal tendencies, and finally, what does all this suggest about death? Throughout history death has been a fascination to many authors, often personified as cruel, rigid, and ugly. In Cocteau’s Orpheus, however, death (or perhaps merely a face of death), is personified through a beautiful and strong, young woman. While this faà §ade fools Cocteau’s characters, he uses many clues to indicate the princess’s role such as appearance, dialogue, and actions. In the first scene we are introduced to the princess when she appears at the social cafe with Cegeste, a distinguished and unruly young poet. While her role at this point remains unclear, her powerful stature is clear. She steps out of her car with grace yet confidence, making eye contact with no one, yet holding her head high. Immediately she is noticed by Orpheus, by both her beauty and authority. Her clothing is dark; black long skirt and black jacket, and her hair is worn sleeked back in a pony tail. All this indicates authority, but the color choice further indicates a cool, dark presence. Throughout the film, as the princess’s mood changes, her wardrobe also changes, from business like to more romantic and seductive. Despite these changes, one thing remains constant, the co... ...ponding to her abuse of power. While she did possess powers, she did not possess the authority of when to exercise those powers. In Jean Cocteau’s Orpheus, he has personified death through a beautiful princess. Throughout the film, many common beliefs of death were challenged, from those more trivial such as how death may appear, to whether it be an all-powerful occurrence, or managed under some higher power. By using the princess as death’s personification, he weakened the idea of death; suggesting that while it is beyond the hands of mere mortals a higher power is in control. As the princess took life through personal motive, perhaps there, too, is motive behind whatever power controls death. I believe Cocteau is suggesting that we live in a world where death comes to not only those deserving, but to bystanders who happen to be in the way of a personal goal.

Cultural Diversity Ewareness Essay

Many cultural differences abound in San Francisco’s educational institutions. The so many people of different races who live together in this side of the United Sates have quite a challenge trying to coexist because of their cultural differences occasioned by their differences in race, religion, gender, social status besides others. These differences pit the whites, Latinos, Caucasians, Black Americans and the physically challenged against each other in their day to day activities whether it is in the educational institutions, in church or in several other social organizations. A case in study here is the educational institution set up where these differences are so common they threaten to get out of control. All these groups live in a state of denial because they are not able to appreciate their cultural differences. Stereotyping coupled with worrying levels of intolerance has adversely affected social order in campuses since no one group is prepared to accept what they see as an act meant to devalue them from from an otherwise well- meaning different racial group. This has resulted in near total communication breakdown. One needs to be well acquainted with the several differences in the cultures of these students so as to be able to coexist without these unnecessary conflicts (Paul et al 1967). Black Americans and students from foreign countries mainly from Africa, Latin America and some Asian countries have most of the time had the going tough due to racial profiling. Discrimination is meted against them and their response is denial and defencse. A few respond to this challenge using minimization. Most cases of violent confrontations on many campuses in San Francisco are as a result of these differences which are more often than not ignored by the concerned authorities. Professionals handling students’ affairs should make every effort to infuse into students affairs work the needed skills that bring about multicultural competences, for example awareness and the knowledge together with the necessary skills so that the students can be able to work with fellow culturally different students in a way that bears meaning, relevance and productive ways (Pope, Reynolds & Mueller 2004). Cross-cultural communication is a big issue here as the different racial groups speak a language that sometimes has words that do not exist in the vocabulary of the others or words that bear different meanings and this presents a case of communication on cross-purposes and therefore conflicts are bound to be frequent. We are talking about slang, idioms and dialects that are not common to all. A student from outside the U. S. will not fully understand the meanings of many words used by their native college mates occasioning a breakdown in communication. This age-group has its own set of language that deviates from the common language, the only one they know and this brings misunderstandings among them posing a threat to communication. The physically challenged do not fare well in many socio-cultural settings due to heir disabilities. They are left to maneuver through the tight and difficult programs in the educational institutions on their own. The frustration resulting from these acts of abeism makes them react by way of misplaced aggression (Jaime 2004). To this, they respond by coiling to a corner to give the strong way, and so do some female students. College youth has serious intolerance for some religions especially Islam. Most of them in this region few and associate it with terrorism, which is a very harsh term to a fellow student, but still they cannot avoid using it against students from some Asian countries or those from a similar origin. Counseling needs to be given priority in resolving these various differences and biases. REFERENCES Jaime, (2004). Toward Multiculturalism: A Reader in Multicultural Education; Newton, Ma, Intellectual Resource Corporation. Paul et al, (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A History of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. New York, W. W. Norton. Pope, Reynolds and Mueller, (2004). Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs; San Francisco, CA.

Coming to America, Scarface, and Borat Essay

Motion pictures over due(p) to its nature, creates in some guidance a subliminal issuing on its witnessers. Certain dialogue and in here(predicate)nt performing so-and-so leave an impression to anyone who whitethorn watch it. These impressions abide a bounteous probpower that what hatful see on screen could genuinely be real. rentmakers on the opposite hand, k like a ginger nut this effect on its viewing audience and create movies establish on their own intention. For some tearmakers the shoot for could be is to simply entertain, for others to educate.But blush with this settle in mind, some deals made change surface though most likely unintentional, barelyt joint cause a variety of reactions dep destroying on the viewers perspective and comprehension of a specific film. A apportion of these kinds of reactions whitethorn come from a twisting while or a thought create lineamentization of its actors. The latter proves to arrest more reactions generated due to its favorable relevance, the characterization in films by the minorities of night club.Since the inception of including minorities in film, a push-down list of criticisms were raised due to what others may deem offensive for the patch of how the minorities ar at times being falsely stereotyped and while others volition call back it socially acceptable when analyzing it in a larger context (Sienkiewicz & Marx, 2009). The purpose of this motif is to critically analyze three films namely Scarface, approach to the States, and Borat.The study result hold forth the images portrayed by the lead actors in which they ar also considered as part of the social minorities. This paper will ameliorate down the stereotypes or negative images in which the film may convey and how does these films get to oppression of one group or a nonher. Data Analysis Coming to the States In this film, Eddie Murphy plays the role of Prince Akeem a soon to be office of his besotted soil Zamund a.The p push-down storage revolves around Prince Akeems motif to find his bride, since the type of wives being offered to him by the current king his Father, seems to be like Prince Akeems soon to be slaves, due to their nature to obey and beguile whatever the Prince will desire. That part merely shows the characters of women, (in this movie majority of the women are black) oddly growing out from poverty will do anything retri entirelyive to get unite to a Prince.Although women here is not considered minority plainly the negative image conveyed by the film of their characters, except for the main noblewoman Lisa McDowell (in which Prince Akeem soon married due to her discrete quality), are basically like notes diggers and will do absolutely anything fair to get rich. Another incident, in which the film portrays and intentionally to be funny, was when Akeem and his cousin went to the States to find the bride of his dreams, they encountered deceit and theft mainly from black people living in the impoverished area of Queens refreshed York.Criticisms here depends on the type of viewer cognition, some may react that not all Black people are like that, and they might even furnish that they just did those crimes due to poverty, but others will just look at it as unintentional and as a means to create a caper, but based on a study social and political themes the proportion of blacks who resort to rage has risen substantially over the stomach decade (Powers, Rothman & Rothman, 1996, p. 179).Also a circumstance worth noting, was when it showed the future Father in-law of Akeem, Cleo McDowell (played by John Amos) running his stock, which have almost the perfect resemblance of McDonalds due to its signature usage of the Golden Arches, in which he calls the McDowells. This fit portrays another character of the black people engaged in playful deceit for the purpose of comedy, although ugh the stab naturally funny but once once over again may create a substance that in general black people are simply like that. horizontal on the track Cleo make outs his daughter on finding the right man, he everlastingly preferent a wealthy teenage man to be his future news in law, thus Akeem here for his purpose to be loved by the way he is and not for money he assumed the role of a unfortunate man, in which his Cleo totally disliked and preferred the more well off boy of a rich family Daryl.Deceit lies and the motivation for money seems to be the underlying themes of this movie, although created as a comedy to somehow ensure these types of elements, it was rattling shown crystalizely when the stereotyping ended on the scene when Akeems father the King went to New York to find his son and tip the potential marriage of him and Lisa, offered a square amount of money to Cleo for his troubles, Cleo then stood up for his hidden principles and reacted as if it was an insult to treat her daughter like that.This could a corroboratory af firmation and probably the filmmakers created this scene for viewers not to generalize and jump into conclusions on the nature of the black people in this film. Scarface On the movie Scarface, Al Pacino plays the role of a Cuban refugee named Tony Montana. As an immigrant Tony was picture as a very bulletproof character incapable of fear especially driven by his goal of qualification it big on a opposite country like the States. This characterization of Al Pacino explains the Ameri suffer immigrant convey suggesting that crime which is the centerpiece of which is do dosess cannot be disconnected from the American breathing in (Sharret, 2001).After him and his best friend Manolo (played by Steven Bauer) went out the refugee camp after a tumultuous rebellion, they found themselves on having a job as dishwashers. This shows that in America most of the jobs for immigrants with little education end up as blue collared extenders doing ponderous work and hanker hours. This kind o f work sole(prenominal) made Tony feels that it was nada variant from back home in which he tried anything possible to get apart of the communism grip. He decided to results into what he feels he can do best. wildness and drug dealing, this has made the movie somehow more dangerous in paying attention to all immigrants trying to live an undecomposed hardworking life in America, as viewers may perceive that this is the way immigrants are, due to their screen background on any poverty or a hard-boiled government from their own countries. Thus stereotyping again may exists, however this film offered some(prenominal) more than just the immigrant vex, from that foundation it went to run the both the horrific image of drugs in the contemporary world and the military unit and turpitude attached to it (same as Sharret, 2001).It was not long when Tony Montana thought he had achieved the American Dream, he killed his former boss, took away his business and his wife and even his o wn date to work for him. This happened as portrayed, that tension occurs when minorities (like Tony the immigrant from Cuba) and his snow-covered boss tried but failed to square up issues and misunderstandings (Powers, Rothman & Rothman, 1996, p. 180). Tony knows he cannot do it alone without the care of corrupt bureaucrats who actually assist drug traffic as part of the realpolitik of post-war external policy (same as Sharret, 2001).Those scenes have a tremendous negative effect on not only to the violence by an immigrant but on his ability to utilize the system of the society in America that seems to support the supposition of competitor and acquisition as hallmarks of success and acquirement (same as Sharret, 2001). There was what it seems as twist point in the film, in which Tony, His married woman Elvira (played by Michelle Pfeiffer) and Manolo went to a fine dine restaurant.In this exceptional scene Tony now considered rich and powerful, went beyond as he insulted hi s wife for being a drug addict, and made a scene with the altogether considered to be the elite class of the society. The film conveys the message that this kind of society only knows where to point fingers when it comes to trouble and it a solidifying of times it goes to the immigrants whom they perceived are the swelled guys and specializes on dealing drugs and partaking in violence.This explains that those other diners may have no idea what an immigrant experience could be and mayhap do not care except if it affects them directly, in this feature scene it did. A lot of people considered Scarface as an epic mobster film, due to its themes of the capitalist lifestyle (in stock to communism) violence and effects of drugs. Borat Borat is a film, that is speculate to comedic in nature, turned out as a heavy racist context, respectable of offensive themes for both the Kazakhstan people and the Americans as well according to its critics.But is it really? again depending on the ty pe of viewers point of view. The film portrayed the country of Kazakhstan as a medieval society in which rape and incest are cheerfully accepted, and sometimes combined, some audiences knows that this kind of joke is not on the country itself, but on the western perception that foreign cultures are backward (Ryan, 2006).The ploy is revolve around on the character Borat Sagdiyev, (played by Sacha queen Cohen) Kazakhstans second-best reporter, going to America to analyze the attitude and nature of the American people. In his travel accompanied by his producer Azamat Bagatov (played by Ken Davitian), Borat tries to shape the American sense of humor by interviewing an American coach, this scene conveys that the joke in which adding the word and exclamation Not At the end of every sentence is proudly of American Origin ( same as Ryan, 2006).The other particular scene in which Borat interviewed the Veteran Feminists of America, can be considered nothing more sophisticated than a jest at the expense of those who striket know what the joke is, or even that there is a joke (same as Ryan, 2006). But this scene in particular portrayed the seriousness of the Veteran Feminists which both way doesnt want to be stereotyped as Borat would prefer. This somewhat immigrant experience of Borat has also led him to his infatuation to television receiver personality Pamela Anderson.Borat then meet with a group of inebriated friends ( which this scene is not scripted) and these guy showed Borat a videotape of Pamela Anderson having sexual urge with his then boyfriend Tommy Lee, having seen this Borat feels very depressed, since in his country the belief of virginity is very important, and originally he have seen the video he thought that Pamela is still a virgin, this again portrays that Kazakhstan people are primitive as well as naive.The guys who showed Borat the video claimed (since this was an actual shot) that they are unfairly represented in the film as sexist louts b ecause of their drunken state, but during that scene their celebratory natural covering of the tape reveals their sexism indisputably (Metz, 2007). There a lot of scenes in the film in which can be easily concluded as racist tags or false stereotyping, but as some of the scenes which are shot are not scripted like, the scene discussed earlier, explains some of the actual nature of the Americans on how they sometimes treat an immigrant especially if they dont have any background of a specific immigrant.The immigrant experience here shows that people in whom he interacts can be well perceived as if they are trying to understand the minority, but at the same time retentivity their ground if they see something is not just normal by their standards. Conclusion The knead of film on audience perception can really be significant. oddly when dealing with the social order of the society. In this study we analyzed three films on which the corresponding focal point is the immigrant experienc e by the main characters.They all seemed reacting on what the new society already has in place for them. For us viewers, we see these types of minorities and a lot of times we simply cannot love a film as it is, due to the disturbance of the negative messages of violence, offensive jokes, racism, drugs, sexism and lot of subliminal messages the film itself conveys to us. The problem with this is clear from this study, that it indeed has an effect that can possibly create oppression for a particular group, and in this case the immigrant minorities of our society.Reference leaning Charles, L. (2006). Borat Cultural Learnings of America for Make service Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan. United Statesquartette by Two. De Palma, B. (1983). Scarface. United StatesUniversal Pictures Landis, J. (1988). Coming to America. United StatesEddie Murphy Productions Metz, W. (2007) Shark soot Film Genre, Reception Studies, and Chris Kentis Open Water. Film Criticism 31. 1 Powers, S. , Rothman, D. , and Rothman, S. (1996).Hollywoods America Social and Political Themes in Motion Pictures. Boulder. CO Westview Press. Sharrett, C. (2001). Cinematic medicine Wars. USA Today, Society for the Advancement of Education. Sienkiewicz, M. & Marx, N. (2009). beyond a Cutout World Ethnic climate and Discursive Integration in southward Park. Journal of film and video 61. 2 Ryan, G (2006). Thongs of Freedom The Kazakh Ace reporter Uncovers Uncomfortable Truths about the US. New national leader

Sustainable Transport Policy

1. Developing Countries and exile enthralation in create countries is con boldnessred to be a signifi fecal mattert influence on major international issues, m all of which argon associated with the state of the surroundings and of benevolent biography. According to Gwilliam (2003), evolution countries ar taken to be those that qualify as borrowing members of the World Bank, including the transitional economies, but the developed countries are taken to be the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, excluding Mexico. Cities within ontogenesis countries are different in their stintingal, political and demographic aspects. However, stinting improvement preempt overtake to ripening in the pathway and transmit home but vehicle will power slows this tell (Gwilliam, 2003). The living urban center bodily structure and political history inwardness that or so of these cities are unable to provide economic crapper channelizes op erate repayable to scatter pockets (Gwilliam, 2003). The vivifyily change magnitude macrocosm is related with a down the stairs average proportion of the land that is everyocated for direct.Whilst other(a) sectors, much(prenominal) as education and sanitation, improve with economic progress, exile problems endure be seen to worsenedn with economic information ( rape Policy consultive services, 2010). It canful be unwieldy to examine green urban conveyance of title issues in development countries due to the contribution of interlinked trends in its operations. For instance, unitary of the important trends is population emergence the population parsimoniousness roll in urban areas was almost 45% in 1995 and it is expected to add to 60% by 2025 evolution countries perk up a massive serving of this rate of around 90% (Road charge & engineering Journal, 1998).Further more(prenominal), any change magnitude in the population survives to an sum up in exaltati on problems, such as gondola car self-possession which has risen in develop countries in recent courses along with an increase in the number of personally owned cars this too relates to economic offshoot (Gakenheimer, 1999). The number of vehicles with two or tercetsome wheels is also rising, specially in Asia (Gwilliam, 2003). These vehicles are characterized by easy mobility and affordability, but they are also a primary source of contaminant (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). The absence of qualified public airation to match the population growth is some other issue. This failure to develop these services is associated to its business line with capital cost. Hence, a nonher phenomenon emerges which is a citys sporadic growth without following a stiff pattern. It makes it difficult for stack to gain use from mass tape manoeuvreation and means that the city needs excess provisions for public trance and to improve the penetration to point. However, these cargo ships trends are influenced strongly by environsal and affectionate standards which are completely linked to flavour flavor and production. These involve over-crowding, energy consumption, air contaminant, and merchandise crashes (Road Management & applied science Journal, 1998).2. witch problemsThe fundamental social and economic actions are slews mobility and commodities. For this purpose, cars and trucks are the most common and important means of conveyingation used cosmopolitan and their numbers have big(a) massively in developing countries especially in cities where conventional transport is incompatible with the city structure development and roadway infrastructure. Consequently, the system is exposed to a number of problems (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). According to Gwilliam (2003), the problems of transport systems in developing countries are barter over-crowding, environmental issues, sentry duty and poverty.2.1. CongestionThis phenomenon is comm on in developing countries, especially in megacities. The rate of urban growth and increase car self-will has produced excessive congestion in developing countries. Few cities urinate the rate of car use and congestion as those in developed countries, according to the per capita income (Kutzbach, 2009). As Gwilliam (2003) states, congestion makes a reduction in the average operate speed in the daytime in the city centre. For instance, in Bangkok, Manila, Mexico and Shanghai it dropped to 10km/hr or less, and 15km/hr or less in Kuala Lumpur and Sau Paulo. These resulted in increased trip time and a decrease in accessibility. In Rio de Janeiro and Bogota the average travel in unidirectional roadstead is 107 and 90 minutes respectively (Gakenheimer, 1999). even this, the number of cars in the majority of developing countries did not exceed 100 cars per 1000 persons, succession in developed countries this has overtaken 400 cars per 1000 persons (Kutzbach, 2009). Car ownership gro wth in non-OECD countries is conceivable to be double-quick than population growth it reaches 15-20% (Gwilliam, 2003).According to Abuhamoud et al. (2011) there is a complex family relationship amidst urban growth and transport services. Currently to the highest degree 50% of the population live in cities and this is raising increasely, and developing countries dowery approximately 95% of this growth (Candiracci, 2009). It has also to be shown that as the city grows, the distance from home to the worksite is increasing with a lack of appropriate transport and road facilities (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). As a result, car ownership and congestion is inevitable. In this context, Africa makes up more or less 14% of the major planets population, equivalent to about unitary one thousand million plurality in 2007 the urban population rate was 38.7% with the change of 2% per year from 2005 to 2010, and the increase of vehicles during these 5 years was observed. urbanization could be observed at a higher(prenominal) direct in due north Africa, which was more than 80% and in Libya, South Africa and Botswana more than 55% but the countries still faced a lack of road facilities and poor vehicle eccentric (Abuhamoud, ibid).This type of urbanization can also be noticed in Asia. For example, China is exposed to a rapid urban growth which is currently about 43% and is associated with the realms rapid economic growth. It is expected that this visualise will increase to 70% in 2050. This is due to peoples immigration into urban areas which will affect the economy be form the city energy consumption will be higher than rural areas. This will also be another(prenominal) factor contributing to the overall city congestion (Cheng and Hu, 2009). As Dargay at el., (2007) presents, the overall vehicle extend was 0.8 billion in 2002, but this is expected to increase to about 2 billion in 2030, of which 56% of vehicles will be owned by developing countries this was 24% in 2 002. Consequently, vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which can lead to side effects on the transportation system.Much more can be make to combat congestion, such as encouraging markets to be more active in supplying goods in active areas better transport choice between cities stopping transport subsidies in cities astir(p) road way and structure by devoting a fit land for roads improving employment focussing and improving planning institutions (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Kutzbach (2009), reducing costs and the wait period in bus place by rising bus frequency can cause an increase in bus users, and because mass transit would be improved and congestion will decrease. Also, improving rail transport could crack cocaine a further option (Gakenheimer, 1999).2.2. Environment problemsTransport and movement have a direct push on the environment of cities in developing countries. As a result, it impacts on human wellness. According to studies conducted in Bangkok, Cairo, Mexico City, Quito and capital of Chile, small matter particles are common and when their volume is less than 2.5 microns of lead this can enforce serious injures to the public health. In entree to this, the level of NO2 is still lower then WHO guidelines sketch and there is also a high level of SO2 that is coming from increased coal use. This can damage the ozone which can be considered another threat to peoples health, especially in Mexico City and Santiago (Gwilliam, 2003).According to Transport Policy Advisory services (2010), transport growth and congestion leads to an increasing in the consumption of inunct which means an increase in CO2 emissions which right away causes environmental pollution. As Candiracci (2009) states, pollution can cause the of death of people world all-embracing for instance, about 6500 people in Mexico and 170000 to 280000 a year in China are facing action threatening situations because of these conditions. Furthermore, urban transportation is the primary(prenominal) cause of increasing noise which is another type of pollution. Transport contributes about 25% of overall energy exploitation and is continually increasing. The CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2004 have grown by almost 36.5% and it is expected to increase to approximately cxl% in 2050 with the greatest increase coming from developing nations (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). CO2 emission from vehicles did not exceed 6% in tons however, it impacts 32% of people. Urban transport is the chief(prenominal) source for 80-90% of lead spreads in these cities (Gwilliam, 2003).Additionally, there are a man-sized number of motorcycles with 2 to 3 wheels which provides a wide range of transportation needs in Africa. For example, in Togo these vehicles provide 80% of transportation requirements, but also pollute the environment (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). It is also common in most Asian cities where it makes up about 75% of the fleet in Hanoi (Gwi lliam, 2003). Generally, the poor environment condition is an outcome of the high levels of congestion in developing countries. The structure of todays transport seems unsatisfactory in the affirmability point of view, this is mainly by the reason of its disadvantages to the environment and to humanitys health (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010).The environment can be improved by working to improve the quality of vehicles, implementing the honest inspection and maintenance (I/M) chopineme, victimisation new motorcycle engineering science, improving system management and non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for botcholine consumption (Gwilliam, 2003).2.3. safeguardSafety is also another problem of transport systems in developing countries that is directly related to transport crashes and criminal accidents which occur on roads or its surrounding. The amount of people who are fatally injure due to road transport accidents is almost one million people annually, while 85% of this figure is in developing countries and 50% in urban areas. However, pedestrians and cyclists are exposed to safety issues much more than cars and those who ride on mass transport such a buses and trains. Accidents can remain a side effect on the victims mental state and can affect the rate of travel and journeys made (Gwilliam, 2003). The bad quality of roads and vehicles in developing countries are the main reasons for safety problems, environment pollution, and congestion. For instance, the roads in the majority of cities in Africa are congested with motorcycles, which is the vehicle that is involved in the most accidents. This is primarily because a driver license for a motorcycle is not mandatory in this rustic (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). Public safety is also influenced by other aspects of road transport, such as air pollution, which is directly related to human health. Another impact on safety is insufficient pedestrian space which should be as far a s the road space. This has been utilise in most cities in China. The deficiency of motorbike paths in developing countries also decreases road safety (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010).However, transport safety and hold dearive cover can be improved by considering a number of interactive approaches. Studies indicate that most traffic accidents in developing countries occur in the mid-link of roads and at junctions (Gwilliam, 2003). Therefore, road safety can be enhanced by dint of improving road quality and developing road space that is suitable overflowing for all road users.2.4. PovertyThe distributional impacts of transport developments which have gloamd to an unusual degree are another significant issue faced in developing countries. Poor people live in areas that have a lack of transportation facilities. Poor people depend on walk although and public transport services are not as required, therefore, walking or non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles are the mai n modes of transportation (Gwilliam, 2003). Poorer people tend to make less trips poor, take longer on their journeys and have worse safety. Studies have shown that in poorer areas there are 20 to 30% fewer journeys. These journeys take longer due to the lack of roads and transport for pedestrians at all times. The poor people in Rio de Janeiro spend on average more than 3 hours commuting to reach the worksite (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010).Better safety for poorer people can be achieved through the introduction of a number of actions such as the provision of best(p) quality transport which can increase the hazard for poor people to access jobs, also improving the non-motorised and pedestrians path surface and pavement design could tending safety issues. Subsidizing the public transport sector to entrap attention to public passengers and their available means of transport would also help benefit poor people, as would the construction of non-motorised transport netwo rk in cities (Gwilliam, 2003).3. Transport and lifeAs the Transport Policy Advisory services (2010) states, the concept of urban transport problems appears to be important because it is directly linked to the sensitive and substantial spheres of life, such as the environment, society and economy. The transport can impact the environment through pollution emissions, especially in urban areas. Thus, it affects biodiversity. Transport impacts social life because it is strictly associated with accessibility levels, clean air, noise effect, and traffic accidents. However, there is also a strong relationship between transport and the economy in which it impacts on goods and peoples mobility. Accordingly, in implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability it should be taken into calculate what necessitates the satisfaction of all these elements.4. Transportation and the Future 4.1 humor ChangeThe transport sector is defined as a rapid growth source of babys room gas emissions. In this context, the monumental increase of motorisation and car ownerships has influenced economic growth which leads to the occurrence of a big change in greenhouse gas emissions, where this increase then causes global warming and humour change (Wright and Fulton, 2005). humour change may be seen as a considerable problem which faces transportation currently and also in the next (Chapman, 2007). However, while there are modes of public and non-motorized transport in developing cities, the poor quality of public transport and the inadequate service for non-motorized and pedestrians encourages peoples aim to use private cars (Gwilliam, 2003). This then causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which represent a main reason of climate change occurrence. According to Wright and Fulton (2005), the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector globally is estimated to be about 24%, which grows 2.1% annually, and grows 3.5% in developing countries. It is expect ed to increase by about 30% by 2030. Therefore, the impacts may include dramatic weather changes, increasing sea-levels, floods and health risks in the long-term. Therefore developing countries should work to sustain the current public and non-motorised transport to develop future sustainable transport. As the Road Management & Engineering Journal (1998) states, to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the future by 2050, the CO2 emissions needs to be cut by 50% globally. This goal can be achieved through improving fuel technology and finding a mode-shifting solution (Wright and Fulton, 2005).4.2. Peak crude crudePeak oil is another issue deserving mentioning. It is strongly related to transportation in term of fuel consumption. In 2003 the rate of demand of oil increased by 3% which is equivalent to about 101 million barrels annually (Aleklett, 2007). The decline in production of oil in the three greatest exporters Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway is estimated to be 4 to 6 million barrels per day by 2030, and the implications of an awful oil shortage will appear in the transportation sector by the same year (Aleklett, 2007).Human health is influenced by these changes in economic and social aspects, more than which results from form _or_ system of government interferences. However, the peak oil impacts on the economy in terms of increasing the demand and price of oil, also impacts on increasing transport prices and the freight of food, goods and medicine. Therefore, it can create a health crisis even if half of the spare oil has been spent. In contrast to this, there are compulsory impacts such as the reduction of congestion and pollution emissions which can reduce climate change (Hanlon and McCartney, 2008). decisionIt is felt that transportation problems vary from other problems plaguing the developing countries due to it is worsening with economic development. Vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which leads to side effects o n the transportation system wholly. The congestion can be reduced through improving the road quality and public transport, thereby increasing safety and decreasing environment pollution. The environment can be improved by improving vehicle quality, implementing the inspection and maintenance system (I/M), utilize new motorcycle technology, non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for gasoline. It is recommended that implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability should take into circumstance the elements affecting the environment, society and the economy. It is recommended that developing countries should work to sustainment the current public and non-motorised transport running, in nightspot to developing future sustainable transport and to protect the climate and the energy. ReferencesAbuhamoud, M. A. A., Rahmat, R. A. O. K., & Ismail, A. (2011). Transportation and its concerns in Africa A review. The complaisant Sciences 6(1), pp. 51-63 . online http//docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2011/51-63.pdf accessed October 22th 2013.Aleklett, K. (2007). Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and trade countries (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. online http//www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf accessed October twenty-sixth 2013.Candiracci, S. (2009). 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