Pete Seeger Biography of the Legendary Folk Singer

Pete Seeger was an American folksinger and political activist who became a prominent voice for social justice, often performing at rallies for civil rights and the environmental movement as well as at protests against the Vietnam War. Always holding fiercely to a set of core beliefs, Seeger was blacklisted in the 1950s for his political activities, but he eventually came to be widely appreciated as an American icon. In January 2009, at the age of 89, Seeger performed alongside Bruce Springsteen at a Lincoln Memorial concert celebrating the inauguration of President Barack Obama. As he led a massive crowd in a singalong, Seeger was revered as a veteran activist. The prison sentence he once faced for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee was by then a distant memory. Fast Facts: Pete Seeger Born: May 3, 1919 in New York CityDied: January 27, 2014 in New York CityParents: Charles Louise Seeger, Jr. and Constance de Clyver, both prolific musiciansWife: Toshi Aline Ohta (married 1943)Known For: Legendary folk singer and songwriter closely associated with causes including civil rights, Vietnam War protests, and conservation of natural resourcesQuotation: â€Å"I have sung in hobo jungles, and I have sung for the Rockefellers, and I am proud that I have never refused to sing for anybody.† Early Life Peter R. Seeger was born May 3, 1919 to a very musical family in New York City. His father was a composer and conductor and his mother was a concert violinist and music teacher. While his parents taught at various universities, Seeger attended boarding schools. As a teen he traveled to the South with his father and saw local musicians at a North Carolina folk festival playing 5-string banjos. He fell in love with the instrument. Entering Harvard College, Seeger intended to become a journalist. He became involved in radical politics and joined the Young Communist League, an affiliation which would come to haunt him years later. Folk Singer Seeger left Harvard after two years in 1938, determined to see the country. He traveled on freight trains and, having become an adept banjo player, performed wherever he could. In 1939 he took a job in Washington, D.C., as an archivist of folk songs at the Library of Congress. He met and became friends with the legendary folksinger Woody Guthrie while performing at a benefit for migrant farm workers. In 1941 and 1942, Seeger and Guthrie performed together and traveled the country. During World War II, Seeger served in a U.S. Army unit of entertainers. He performed for the troops at camps in the U.S. and in the South Pacific. While on furlough in 1943, he married Toshi Aline Ohta. They remained married for nearly 70s years, until Toshi Seegers death in 2013. In 1948, Seeger helped found a popular folk quartet, The Weavers. Singing mostly traditional folk songs, The Weavers performed at night clubs and major theaters, including New York Citys prestigious Carnegie Hall. The Weavers recorded Goodnight Irene by Seeger friend Huddie Leadbelly Ledbetter and it became a number one hit in 1950. They also recorded a song co-written by Seeger, If I Had a Hammer, which would eventually become an anthem of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Political Controversies The career of The Weavers was upended when a witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee named Seeger and others in the group as members of the Communist Party. The Weavers were blacklisted. Clubs and theaters refused to book them and radio stations refused to play their songs, despite their previous popularity. The group eventually broke up. Seeger, who maintained a following as a solo performer, managed to make a living by recording a number of albums for a small record label, Folkways. His recordings in that period tended to be albums of folk songs for children, and he often performed at summer camps which ignored the dictates of the blacklist. Seeger would later joke that the children of leftists who became his fans at summer camps in the 1950s would go on to be the college activists he sang to in the 1960s. Pete Seeger (alongside his lawyer) testifying before HUAC. Getty Images   On August 18, 1955 Seeger testified at HUAC hearings targeting supposed communist infiltration of the entertainment industry. At the federal courthouse in lower Manhattan, Seeger appeared before the committee, but only to refuse to answer questions and to accuse the committee of being un-American. When pressed about whether he had performed for communist groups, he answered: I have sung for Americans of every political persuasion, and I am proud that I never refuse to sing to an audience, no matter what religion or color of their skin, or situation in life. I have sung in hobo jungles, and I have sung for the Rockefellers, and I am proud that I have never refused to sing for anybody. That is the only answer I can give along that line. Seegers aggressive lack of cooperation with the committee earned him a citation for contempt of Congress. He faced time in federal prison, but following a long court battle his case was finally thrown out in 1961. To civil libertarians, Seeger had become a hero, but he still had trouble earning a living. Right-wing groups began to target his concerts. He would often perform on college campuses where his concerts could be announced on short notice, before protests seeking to silence him had a chance to organize. As a new generation of singers created the folk revival of the early 1960s, Seeger became a friend and mentor of Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and others. Though still blacklisted from television, Seeger performed at marches for Civil Rights and protests against the Vietnam War. In August 1967, when Seeger was booked to appear on a network television show hosted by The Smothers Brothers, the event made the news. The New York Times reported that Seeger had been blacklisted from network television for 17 years and his return to the network airwaves had been approved at high managerial levels. There were, of course, complications. Seeger taped a performance of a new song hed written, Waist Deep In the Big Muddy, a commentary on Americas deepening involvement in Vietnam. Network executives at CBS wouldnt allow the performance on the air, and the censorship turned into a national controversy. The network finally relented and Seeger performed the song on the show months later, in February 1968. Environmental Activist In the late 1940s, Seeger had built a house along the Hudson River north of New York City, which made him an eyewitness as the river became increasingly polluted. In the early 1960s he wrote a song, My Dirty Stream that served as a catchy manifesto for environmental action. The lyrics mentioned towns along the Hudson releasing sewage into the river and a paper plant dumping untreated chemical waste. In the refrain, Seeger sang: Sailing down my dirty streamStill I love it and Ill keep the dreamThat some day, though maybe not this yearMy Hudson River will once again run clear. In 1966, Seeger announced a plan to build a boat that would sail the river to help raise awareness of the pollution crisis. At that time, stretches of the Hudson River were essentially dead, as the dumping of chemicals, sewage, and garbage meant no fish could live in the water. Pete Seegers sloop Clearwater, sailing past a garbage dump along the Hudson River.   Getty Images Seeger raised money and built a 100-foot sloop, The Clearwater. The ship was a replica modeled on sloops used by Dutch traders on the Hudson River beginning in the 18th century. If people came to see the sloop, Seeger believed, they would become aware of how polluted the river had become and how beautiful it had once been. His plan worked. Sailing the Clearwater along the Hudson, Seeger campaigned tirelessly for action to save the river. Over time, the pollution was curtailed and stretches of the river came back to life. Years of Redemption Seeger continued performing at theaters and colleges in his later years, often touring with Woody Guthries son Arlo. Seeger received the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors in 1994. In 1996 he was inducted into the Rock Roll Hall of Fame in its Early Influencers category. Pete Seeger beside Bruce Springsteen at the January 2009 concert celebrating Barack Obamas inauguration.   Getty Images In 2006, Seeger received an unusual honor when Bruce Springsteen, taking a break from rock music, released an album of songs associated with Seeger. We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions was followed by a tour that produced a live album. Though Springsteen admittedly hadnt grown up as much of a Seeger fan, he later became fascinated by Seegers work and his devotion to particular causes. On the weekend before Barack Obamas inauguration in January 2009, Seeger, at 89, appeared at a concert and performed beside Springsteen at the Lincoln Memorial. A few months later, in May 2009, Seeger celebrated his 90th birthday with a concert at Madison Square Garden. The show, which featured a number of prominent guest performers including Springsteen, was a benefit for the Clearwater and its environmental work. Two years later, on October 21, 2011, 92-year-old Seeger appeared in New York City late one night to march (with the aid of two canes) with the Occupy Wall Street movement. Seemingly immortal, Seeger led the crowd in singing We Shall Overcome. Seegers wife Toshi died in 2013. Pete Seeger died in a New York City hospital on January 27, 2014, at the age of 94. President Barack Obama, noting that Seeger had been referred to at times as Americas tuning fork, praised him in a White House statement, saying, For reminding us where we come from and showing us where we need to go, we will always be grateful to Pete Seeger.   Sources: Pete Seeger. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 14, Gale, 2004, pp. 83-84. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Seeger, Pete(r R.) 1919-. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 118, Gale, 2003, pp. 299-304. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Pareles, Jon. Pete Seeger, Champion of Folk Music and Social Change, Dies at 94. New York Times, 29 January 2014, p. A20.

The “rightness” of Native American boarding school Essay

In the 1870s, the U.S. government enacted a policy of assimilation of Native Americans, to Americanize them. Their goal was to turn them into white men. Schools were an important part of facilitating their goal. In 1879, Richard Henry Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian School. It was the first school in which Native American children were culturally exposed to American ideology. The idea for the boarding school first came through treatment of Cheyenne warriors. In the 1860s, Americans were in the midst of a major western migration. Settlers were moving into the western region, pushing natives off lands, and in some cases, killing livestock. Warriors then took revenge on settlers and soldiers. General Sherman called for â€Å"the†¦show more content†¦Pratt then turned his attention to native children. He saw the example of the Hampton Institute for Negroes, which taught children industrial skills. He concluded that to transform natives, one had to start with the child ren. In 1879, the government consented to Pratt’s request. He went to Dakota Territory to find students for his new Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. Pratt determined the only way to change them was assimilation through total immersion. The school was established in an abandoned army post. The children wore military uniforms and cut their hair. In the first few years, the children suffered epidemics of cholera, influenza, and tuberculosis. As a result, they made a cemetery on the school. Lack of cultural diversity Ethnocentrism Social workers strive to keep the uniqueness of individuals and communities. The preservation of diversity honors the distinctiveness of individuals and communities. Boarding schools were genocidal to the cultural structure of Native Americans. They were forced to assimilate to the image of the white man: It disjointed family structure, dishonored their cultural differences and language. Children placed in these schools were deprived of learning their heritage. Pratt’s goal of humanizing Native Americans is the basis of ethnocentrism. Pratt like many Americans during this time believed American culture was the only and right way of life. Although most cultures have, tendencies ofShow MoreRelated Ongoing Injustice: The American Indians Essay3233 Words   |  13 Pagesthe effects of Christianity, and the crooked politics that took place are all examples of the injustices that were done to the indigenous peoples. The injustices and their effects are still occurring today and need to be made known to spare the Native Americans’ future from the tear stained stories of today. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To prevent such reoccurrence there must be an understanding of the horrors that took place in the beginning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The entire history of theRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesD program to do so. With its search engine, it raised advertising to a new level: targeted advertising. In so doing, it spawned a host of millionaires from its rising stock prices and stock options and made its two founders some of the richest Americans, just under Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. How did they do it? Starbucks is also a rapidly growing new firm—not as much as Google, but still great—and a credit to founder Howard Schultz’s vision of transforming a prosaic product, coffee, into

Physics Preliminary Course Overview Free Essays

string(67) " waves meet they can be added to or subtracted to make a new wave\." Physics Preliminary 8. 2 The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Preliminary Course Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: – Mobile telephone – Fax/modem – Radio and television A. An energy transformation is a change in the type of energy, for example a change from sound energy to electromagnetic waves. Relating this to the mobile telephone, it undergoes basic energy transformations of, sound wave (your voice), to electrical energy (in the wires inside the phone), to electromagnetic waves (from the phone to the tower), to electrical energy (at the tower), then to electromagnetic waves (to reach the receiving phone), then electrical energy (inside the receiving phone), then to sound waves (at the speaker of the receiving phone) 2. Describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A. Waves carry energy and sometimes they require a medium and sometimes they don’t. Laser lights are an example of a 1 Dimensional wave, water waves are an example of a 2D wave while an example of 3D waves is a sound wave 3. Identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not A. Mechanical waves, such as sound waves, water waves and earthquake waves need a medium (a substance) to travel through, they cannot move from one point to another if there is nothing (a vacuum) between the two points. On the other hand electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through. An example of this is in space, which is a vacuum, if you call out in space your sound waves do not penetrate out of your space suit. However electromagnetic waves do, therefore you can see the light from the sun. Even simpler, in space you can see a planet explode, but you cannot hear it. 4. Define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, and velocity A. Mechanical Waves: The group of waves that required a medium for transmission, e. g. sound waves Electromagnetic Waves: The group of waves that do not require a medium for transmission i. e. ultraviolet light, visible light etc. They all travel at the same speed in a vacuum, which is the speed of light. Transverse Waves: Waves in which the particles oscillate at right angles to the direction of motion of the wave, e. g. surface water waves. Direction of Propagation: The direction of motion of a wave Longitudinal Waves: Waves in which the particles oscillate parallel to the direction of motion of the wave e. g. sound. Periodic Waves: Wave disturbance that repeat themselves at regular intervals. Compressions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are close together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rarefactions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. Crest: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction. Trough: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement downwards or in a negative direction Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the particles of a medium from their rest position Wavefront: An imaginary line joining any group of adjacent particles that are in a phase with each other. Wavelength: The distance between any two corresponding points of a wave Frequency: the number of waves that pass a point in one second Period: Number of crest passages per unit time. 5. Describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves A. Particles in the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the motion of transverse wave. Particles in the medium move in a direction of parallel to the motion of longitudinal waves 6. Quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: A. V=fw (v=velocity, f= frequency, w=wavelength) 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound 1. Identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium A. Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium to travel through. As compressions and expansions (or rarefactions) of particles that make up the medium, sound is a vibration of the medium. 2. Relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them A. Compressions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are close together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rarefactions: Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. Crest: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction. Trough: The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement downwards or in a negative direction 3. Explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves A. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in one second while the pitch is related to the number of vibrations per second. The pitch of a sound relates to the frequency of the sound emitted while the amplitude relates to the volume of that sound. E. g. if you have a high amplitude you will have a loud sound. When the frequency increases so does the pitch. 4. Explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave A. An echo occurs when a sound wave is reflected off a surface and returns to the source. 5. Describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound A. When two separate waves meet they can be added to or subtracted to make a new wave. You read "Physics Preliminary Course Overview" in category "Papers" An example of this with sound waves is, if you have one person shout, and then you get two people to shout, each at the same volume as the first person, the resulting volume will be the sum of the two volumes. . Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum 1. Describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation A. Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through because electromagnetic waves do not vibrate particles s o they don’t need a vaccum. In space (a vacuum) electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, a constant equal to 2. Identify the electromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays A. The Earth’s atmosphere provides a protective shield from harmful electromagnetic radiation. Fortunately this portion of the EM spectrum (UV rays, X-rays and Gamma rays) is filtered by the Earth’s atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere filters out most of the electromagnetic waves except for visible light and radio waves. 3. Identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum A. – Radio waves are detected with radio receivers that are connected to aerials. – Microwaves are detected with piezoelectric crystals. – Visible light is detected by photoelectric cells. 4. Explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law: A. The strength of a signal is proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that signal. This means that at twice the distance the signal has 1? 4 of its original strength. 5. Outline how the modulation of amplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information A. Modulation is the process of conveying a message signal inside another signal that can be physically transmitted. With amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude or strength of the carrier signal is varied, which corresponds to changes in the sound, while its frequency remains constant. With frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier wave is altered according to changes in sound while the amplitude remains constant. 6. Discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes A. There is only a limited range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for communication purposes. 4. Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves 1. Describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves A. Reflection is the bouncing of a wave when it hits a surface or obstacle. Reflections of all types of waves follow the law of reflection. Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection The law of reflection states that the angle of the incident wave must equal the angle of the reflected wave and the incident wave and the reflected wave must lie in the same plane. It is important to remember that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is measured from the normal. The normal is perpendicular to the plane of reflection (e. g. a mirror). 2. Describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer A. Reflection of light is used fibre optics and in CD’s. Fibre optics allow for massive amounts of information transfer. Reflection of radio waves are utilised when radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere. Television and radio use this reflection to transfer information. . Describe one application of reflection for each of the following: – Plane surfaces – Concave surfaces – Convex surfaces – Radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere A. Reflection on a plane surface is used in applications such as, CD-ROM, where the laser beam is either reflected of the CD or not. Reflection of convex surfaces is used in security mirrors, where it w idens the field of view. Reflection of concave surfaces is used in torches, where the rays of light travelling backwards are projected forward, for more brightness. It is also used in satellite dishes. The ionosphere reflects a percentage of radio waves sent up, back towards earth. This allows for data to be sent through the radio waves over long distances. 4. Explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront A. Refraction is the bending of light as it changes speed upon entering a medium with different optical density. 5. Define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another A. The refractive index of a medium is the change in velocity of a wave from one medium to another. Therefore refractive index is related to the speed of a wave in that medium 6. Define Snell’s Law: A. 7. Identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle A. The critical angle is the angle of incidence, which forms an angle of refraction at 90Â °. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle then you will have normal refraction, and if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle then you will have total internal reflection. 8. Outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres A. Optical fibres work by having one medium coated by another medium with a lower refractive index. The angle that enters this is greater than the critical angle so therefore the ray of light bounces around inside and travels from one end to another, never exiting the fibre. Therefore a light ray can travel through the wire. The ray of light never has an angle of incidence of less than the critical angle, so the ray never escapes the optical fibre. 5. Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies 1. Identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form A. Digital data is data that can be defined by numbers. Examples of digital communication include; fax, Internet, telephone calls, etc 8. 3 Electrical Energy in the Home 1. Society has become increasingly domestic energy dependent on electricity over the last 200 year 1. Discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time A. The first main source of domestic energy used by humans was fire, through wood, and then came domesticated animals, wind and water, coal, coal gas, electricity, fuel oils, solar and lastly nuclear energy. These have developed from the start of human existence to now. 2. Assess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access to, sources of energy for a community -More pollution -More demand for electrical energy -More electrical devices -Increased demand for energy 3. Discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided in remote locations Alternative power sources can be used, such as solar or wind. 2. One of the main advantages of electricity is that is can be moved with comparative ease from one place to another through electric circuits . Describe the behaviour of electrostatic charges and the properties of the fields associated with them A. An object becomes electrostatically charged when there is either a deficiency or excess of electrons. The two types of charge are called positive charge and negative charge. Electrostatic charges cause charged particles to move of change direction. Electrostatic charges create a field of charge. An electric field is a region in which a charged particle will experience a force. 2. Define the unit of electric charge as the coulomb. A. The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). A charge of 1 C is equal to the charge provided by 6. 25 x 10 (to the power of 18) electrons. This gives a charge of -1. 6 x 10 (-19 power) C for one electron. One coulomb is defined as the amount of charge that passes a point when a current of one ampere flows for one second. 3. Define the electric field as a field of force with a field strength equal to the force per unit charge at that point 4. Define electric current as the rate at which charge flows (coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field A. Electric current is defined as the amount of electric charge flowing past a given point in a given time interval. The SI unit of electric current is coulombs per second (C. s-1) or ampere (A), 1 amp is equal to 1 coulomb of charge passing a given point in 1 second. Conventional current runs from + to -. The electron movement is in the opposite direction of conventional current. 5. identify that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically A. AC current involves the oscillation of electrons due to an electric field that is constantly changing direction. Most generators produce alternating current by means of a coil rotating in a magnetic field. – With DC current flow, the electrons in a wire have an overall flow in only one direction. This is the method used in batteries, torches, portable radios, lights in cars, and toys. 6. Describe electric potentia l difference (voltage) between two points as the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts). A. 7. Discuss how potential difference changes at different points around a DC circuit A. Voltage or potential difference is defined as the change in energy when one unit of charge is moved from one point to another or the work done to move one unit of charge from one point to another. Decreases as it move around the circuit. 8. Identify the difference between conductors and insulators A. -A conductor is a substance in which there are ‘free’ charged particles and so a charge is able to flow through it. -An insulator is a substance in which ‘free’ charged particles are limited and so a charge is not able to flow through it. . Define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a particular conductor: 10. Describe qualitatively how each of the following affects the movement of electricity through a conductor: A. – Length: The longer the material the higher the resistance is. – Cross sectional area: The larger the cross sectional area the lower the resistance is. So the thicker the wire then lower the resistance. – Temperature: The higher the temperature of a material, the higher the resistance is. – Material: Different materials have different resistances. This is called the resistivity of that material. . Series and parallel circuits serve different purposes in households 1. Identify the difference between series and parallel circuits A. – A Parallel circuit is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit. – A series is a circuit having its parts connected serially Advantages of using parallel circuitry over series circuitry in household wiring include: – You can have some devices on and others off at the same time. – If one device fails the others still work. – All devices receive the highest possible voltage. 2. Compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage across components and current through them A. In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same throughout the whole circuit while the current is divided between evenly throughout the circuit. In a series circuit the current is the same throughout the circuit while the voltage is divided evenly through the components of the circuit. 3. Identify uses of ammeters and voltmeters A. Ammeters are used to measure current. Voltmeters are used to measure voltage. To measure the voltage of a component the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the component. To measure the current passing through a component, the ammeter is placed in series with the component. When an ammeters work best if they have a low resistance. And voltmeters work best if they have a high resistance. 4. Explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently in a circuit A. Voltage is sometimes called potential difference. So it is measuring the difference between two points, so is must be placed in parallel so that it can measure the difference between before and after that component. Current is a measure of the rate at which charge flows, and therefore must be connected in series. Ammeters have a low resistance. 5. Explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances in a house A. Because if they were all on the same circuit there would not be enough power to run all the appliances so they are spread out on several circuits so there is enough power. 4. The amount of power is related to the rate at which energy is transformed 1. Explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another A. Power is the term used to describe how quickly energy (otherwise known as work) is transformed from one form to another, or transmitted from one point to another. . Identify the relationship between power, potential difference and current A. 3. Identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of time the current is flowing and can be calculated using: Energy = VIt A. – Energy = Voltage ? Current ? Time – Energy = Power ? Time – Energy is measured in joules (J). 4. Explain why th e kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical energy consumption rather than the joule A. 1 kWh is 1 kW every hour. The kWh is used to measure energy consumption. 5. Electric currents also produce magnetic fields and these fields are used in different devices in the home . Describe the behaviour of the magnetic poles of bar magnets when they are brought close together A. Magnetic fields are from north to south. When two bar magnets are brought close together the magnetic fields around their poles will produce a force between the two magnets. If two like poles (north pole and north pole OR south pole and south pole) are brought close together they will repel each other while if two unlike poles (a north pole and a south pole) are brought close together they will attract each other. Like poles repel: Unlike poles attract. 2. Define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point A. The direction of a magnetic field at any point is defined as the direction the north pole of a compass would indicate at that point. 3. Describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles A. The magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles is best described by describing the lines of magnetic flux. Lines of flux are directed from the north pole to the south pole and never cross. In a strong magnetic field they are close together while in a weak magnetic field they are well apart. . Describe the production of a magnetic field by an electric current in a straight current carrying conductor and describe how the right hand grip rule can determine the direction of current and field lines A. When current is passed through a conductor, a magnetic field is created around it. The direction of the magnetic field can be found using the right ha nd rule. Point your right hand thumb in the direction of the current and the direction of your fingers is the direction of the magnetic field. 5. Compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by solenoids and a bar magnet A. A solenoid is coil of wire. When a current is passed though a solenoid, a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet is produced. 6. Safety devices are important in household circuit 1. Discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240volt AC mains supply and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body A. There are several dangers when the muscles of the body are exposed to electric shocks. These are: – Pain receptors are usually activated. – Involuntary contraction of the muscles usually means that the person will not be able to let go of the power source. – The heart is stunned and goes into fibrillation. Severe burns are inevitable. – Instant death often occurs. 2. Describe the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation and other safety devices in the home A. – Double Insulating works by wrapping or encasing the electric components of an appliance with insulating material The insulating property of these materials sets up a physical barrier to prevent the flow of electricity from the electric appliance to its user. – A fuse is a short piece of an alloy of lead and tin, connected in series with the devices that it controls. The fuse is designed to melt when the current passing through it exceeds its threshold value. Circuit Breakers breaks the circuit when the current passing through it exceeds the threshold value by mechanical means – The active and neutral wires are connected to the functional electric unit of the appliance to deliver electricity. The earth wire is attached to the case of the appliance, which is made of metal. 8. 4 Moving About 1. Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant speed 1. Identify that a typical journey involves speed change A. Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other objects or within some coordinate system. A frame of reference is an object or a coordinate system that can be used to describe or compare motions. At the start of a journey your speed is 0 by the end of the journey you would have had to stop at traffic lights go up and down hills and e. g. 2. Distinguish between the instantaneous and average speed of vehicles and other bodies A. Average Speed Is your total distance taken by the time it took you to go that distance. Instantaneous Speed is the speed that you are travelling at any given instant 3. Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations A. Scalar uantites have a magnitude but no direction examples include distance, speed and time. Vector quantities have a magnitude and a direction. Examples include velocity, force and displacement 4. Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity A. Instantaneous speed is a scalar quantity, on the other hand instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed is also a scalar quanti ty and average velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed takes into account your whole journey, where as average velocity only takes into account the starting and ending points. 5. Define average velocity as: A. 2. An analysis of the external forces on vehicles helps to understand the effects of acceleration and deceleration 1. Describe the motion of one body relative to another A. Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other objects or within some coordinate system. e. g. You are watching Coyote chase Road Runner. Road Runner’s velocity is 17 m. s east and Coyote’s velocity is 15 m. s east. Road Runner’s velocity RELATIVE to you is 17 m. s east. Road Runner’s velocity RELATIVE to Coyote is 2 m. s east. 2. Identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems A. Vector diagrams are used to add vectors, to find the resultant vector. This can be used to find the net force on an object from many smaller forces. Addition of vectors is also used to find total displacement 3. Explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object A. An object remains at rest, or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force. This is also known as the law of inertia. It basically means that a moving object will travel in a straight line at a constant velocity until an external unbalanced force acts pon the object. 4. Describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow down A. As stated by Newton’s 1st law of motion, in order to change a vehicles direction or speed, you need an external force, to act on the vehicle. However on earth there is, gravity, air resistance and friction to slow a car down, and trust from the engine and friction with the ground and the tyres to speed up a car. 5. Describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies including: – Friction between surfaces – Air resistance A. Friction examples are constantly seen throughout a normal day and it normally slows you down or helps change direction 6. Define average acceleration as A. 7. Define the terms ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ with reference to the effects of gravity A. Mass is the amount of matter in a body whereas weight is the force due to gravity acting on that mass. Weight is equal to mass times force due to gravity, which on earth is 9. 8 m. s. This is an extension of newton’s 2nd law of motion. F=ma 8. Outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle when: – Coasting with no pressure on the accelerator Pressing on the accelerator – Pressing on the brakes – Passing over an icy patch on the road – Climbing and descending hills – Following a curve in the road A. 9. Interpret Newton’s Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation: A. The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and its a cceleration in the direction of the force. 10. Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newton’s Second Law of Motion A. Net force is defined as the vector sum of all forces. The net force is the resultant force of all individual forces acting on an object at that time. If the net force is zero, then the forces acting are described as balanced. The object will obey Newton’s first law of motion, that is, it will either continue to move at a constant velocity or remain stationary. If the net force is not a zero value, it is described as an unbalanced force. In this case, the object follows Newton’s second law of motion and acceleration will result. 3. Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect in understanding motion . Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy 2. Describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or compressing. In an elastic collision, the EK after the collision is equal to the kinetic energy before the collision. Inelastic collisions result in the transformation of energy into other forms. It is usually lost to the surroundings in the form of heat or sound and is no longer in a useful form. . Define the law of conservation of energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one body to another or transformed from one type to another. 4. Change of momentum relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver 1. Define momentum as: Momentum is a measure of an object’s tendency to move in a straight line with constant speed. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity p ? mv 2. Define impulse as the product of force and time Impulse is force applied over a period of time Impulse = Force (Times) Time 3. Explain why momentum is conserved in collisions in terms of Newton’s Third Law of motion In any collision, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision 5. Safety devices are utilised to reduce the effects of changing momentum 1. Define the inertia of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest The inertia of a vehicle is its tendency to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force. That is why when you crash a vehicle into a wall, it will continue to collide and squash into the wall instead of just stopping. This is also why a passenger in a vehicle continues to go forward when the breaks of a vehicle are applied. Because the car may have forces slowing it down but the passenger has a tendency to continue forward 2. Discuss reasons why Newton’s First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations There is always some type of friction that will oppose motion. Whether it is air resistance or friction between the object and the surface it travels on, it is impossible to completely eliminate friction. This is why objects do not remain in uniform motion. 3. Assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum Air Bags and Crumple Zones both increase the stopping distance of a vehicle. Relating back to Impulse = Force ? Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the forces put on an the vehicle, and the occupants inside it. Low Speed zones are in place because, the slower your velocity, the less momentum you have and the faster you can stop 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles 8. 5 The Cosmic Engine How to cite Physics Preliminary Course Overview, Papers

Metamorphosis The Outsider Comparison Essay Example For Students

Metamorphosis The Outsider Comparison Essay * Franz Kafka writes with a unique style in Metamorphosis giving the reader a very anxious and tense feeling. Kafka achieves this by writing in very short and choppy sentences that reflect the thought process of Gregor. Along with these short, choppy sentences, Kafka includes a series of rhetorical questions showing the wild course Gregors mind goes through to make every minor decision as quickly as possible. * The Outsider is conversely written in a structure that creates a feeling of a lack of true emotion. Albert Camuss writing reflects the routine of Mersault and portrays a sense of normalcy within a very mournful situation. This is shown when Mersault is on his way to his mothers funeral and Camus writes that he routinely stops a restaurant to eat. This nonchalant writing style is different then Kafkas style where one shows abundance or overwhelming emotion and the other shows a lack of emotion in a very mournful time. * Kafka and Camus also differ in their writing tenses. In Metamorphosis, Kafka shifts from third-person to first person, in the first paragraph, and then continues on with third-person. These tenses go along with the style of showing the though process of Gregor and it gives a reader and outside as well as inside perspective into his thoughts. * The Outsider on the other hand is written primarily in the first person tense. Camus is able to the take the reader through Mersaults thoughts in his perspective, which lends to an added bias in feeling and emotion. Mersault does not show much emotion during the time of his mothers death because he has not been a part of her life in recent years and Camus is able to successfully show that because he uses 1st person tense and is able to portray bias in emotion. * The tone of both passages also differs. Metamorphosis portrays an anxious and worrisome tone. In Metamorphosis, Gregor randomly evolves into an insect and he discovers the many difficulties that come with that lifestyle. This abrupt evolution creates a tone of worry and anxious feelings because Gregor is confused and does not know what to in his current situation. Also, the added pressure from his parents and sister to support for the family creates a tone of worry. Because he is not able to perform his duties for the family and go to work to pay back debts, the tension is increased and he begins to become more panicked and worried. * The Outsider portrays a nonchalant tone mainly as a result of the attitude of the character Mersault. Throughout the first excerpt, Mersault continues to show his lack of emotion towards his mothers death, which is a very unusual phenomenon. Gregor continues his daily routine of eating at the usual restaurant despite the tragedy in his family. He also feels that it would take to much effort to visit his own mother and this along with other actions create a nonchalant tone that carries through this excerpt.

Nine Guardians Essays - Manga, Anime, Comics, Nana, Shnen Manga

Nine Guardians The Nine Guardians ?Nine Guardians? takes places in the State of Chiapas, in Mexico, where from the remains of the Mexican revolution came the presidency of Lazaro Cardenas. His presidency takes places between 1934 and 1940, during the time this novel takes place. Cardenas expropriated foreign-held properties, distributed land to peasants, and instituted reforms to benefit indigenous people and Mexican workers. Cardenas found it unfair for the Indians to not be treated as equals, so he demanded rights for Indians. Land holdings were controlled by a ruling elite. The Indians were encouraged to rise against the landowners and demand their rights. They have the law on their side and they start to realize they don't deserve to be treated as slaves. With the help of others, Cardenas breaks up large estates and forces families off of the lands. The novel is written from the point of view of the author, Rosario Castellanos. However, a seven year old girl is the narrator through most of ?The Nine Guardians?. She takes us through the book by introducing the people surrounding her life and her family's life. The seven year old girl is the daughter of a wealthy landowner, Cesar Arguello. Since the Arguellos are wealthy, the girl is not raised by her parents, but mostly by an Indian servant, she calls Nana. Nana has nurtured and cared for the girl and her little brother, Mario, since birth. Nana is an Indian that lives with this elite, controlling, possessive, landowning family. Despite the fact that she is treated as a slave, Nana loves the Arguellos. Nana becomes a big influence on the little girl, along with her parents, and the retaliation of the landowners and the Indians against one another. The girl and her brother will become innocent victims mostly because of her father, who will try desperately to hold on to their land for Mario's future. Some of the damage done cannot be fixed and will remain permanent. It is a tragedy of money, power, and male supremacy. The situations that occur will leave a strong impact on how she thinks and feels. From beginning to end, the seven year old girl's perspective of the Indians will change dramatically. In the beginning, the girl is ignorant to the thought of being an Indian. She doesn't want to know their history and how they stand in their society. She speaks of how young she is and wants no part of what is going on. She loves her Nana but doesn't think she knows what she is talking about. The thought that she could have been an Indian threatens her. She wants to be idle, absent-minded, and not aware of her surroundings. Perhaps, she wishes this for Nana also. The Indians frighten her and she is ignorant of their part in society. In this novel, when bad things happen, some of the characters are superstitious and believe they pay for their mistakes through curses given by the sorcerers, especially the Indians. She starts to understand her Nana when she sees her wounded knees done by a curse that has followed her from her home, Chactajal. ?It's withches' doings that's afoot, child. They gobble everything up-the crops, peace in the family, people's health.? Since Nana grew up in the Arguellos house and loved the family she lived with, she was being punished. The Indians could not understand how she could love those that give orders and have possessions, it was against their beliefs. The girl is angry at first at the Indians and begins to understand the sacrifices and hardships her Nana must have and is going through to be apart of the Arguellos family. From this experience, she starts to see who her father is and becomes disgusted with him because he is one that gives orders and own things. She starts to put a lot of faith in her Nana and believes the things she tells her. She becomes more aware that this time in her life is not going to be a time for fun. She also begins to learn to look with lowered eyes when humility looks at bigness, like the Indians do out of respect for the Nine Guardians. From what I understand, the Indians believe that there are nine protectors of the earth that watch over all and control everything. The girl learns things from her Nana and learns to think differently about her parents. She

A Sample of Social Impact Essay For Scholarship

A Sample of Social Impact Essay For ScholarshipIf you are applying for college this fall, you should consider a sample of social impact essay for scholarship. These forms can help you see how to create an effective paper that is both interesting and informative. You can use these types of papers as your guide in coming up with your own essay. Make sure that you carefully read the instructions and follow them.The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you understand how to write the essay. You need to make sure that you think of your essay as an original idea, but you need to make sure that you take it one step at a time. This means that you should write down your ideas and discuss them before you start thinking about the details. If you make this mistake, you will find yourself struggling to write an essay on anything related to social issues. Your essay will look very amateurish and will be as well difficult to read as well.Your essay is like your resume. If you don't put a ll of your thoughts into it, you won't get it all done. You should include all of your ideas, but make sure that you cut out some of the details. For example, if you include your beliefs in writing about God, your goal, and what your dreams are, you could wind up doing the same when you are writing your social impact essay for scholarship. You will also want to include information such as your best and worst behaviors. Think of this as an outline of your whole personality, rather than just one aspect.You also need to think about the main points of your essay. You need to make sure that you know the points that you want to cover. Also, remember that if you are writing for a scholarship, you should choose the topic based on what is most important to you.The next step is to make sure that you use a highlighter to highlight your points. You may not even need to use one. But if you use one, make sure that you keep it in your essay. This is going to be one of the first things people will see. They will see that you have highlighted certain parts of your essay. It will also be one of the best ways to distinguish between the different parts of your essay.Finally, you need to think about your main body. You need to include this in your essay so that you can relate it to the ideas that you have outlined. This includes information such as who you are, your values, what makes you who you are, and other information that ties in to what you are trying to say. You should be able to discuss these ideas in a logical and organized manner.Finally, you should take these tips and add them to your own essay. You should have a really good idea of what you want to say and you should be able to write it in a way that is interesting and eye-catching.

Free Essays on The Human Condition

The title of the document is known as â€Å"The Human Condition.† It was written on August 12, 1950 by Pope Pius XII. It was written about false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of catholic doctrine. The catholic people during this time, were starting to form their own ideas about Catholicism. This caused a huge problem between church leaders and their parishes because they simply did not take the Bible seriously and did not believe or have faith in the many things Catholics are called to believe. There were many things happening during this time that may have caused many Catholics to change their beliefs such as the Korean War and the Cold War. Both wars were causing an immense amount of bloodshed and many Americans were thinking about how the wars would affect America and God’s plan. The 1950’s was also a time for individual thinking and humanist ideas. This caused Catholics to question every aspect of their daily lives including religion. There are four major aspects of this document. The Pope used these points to attempt making a point to Catholics everywhere about their faith. The first major point is that humans today easily persuade themselves in matters that they do not wish to believe are false or at least doubtful. So, for this reason, divine revelation must be considered morally necessary for humans everywhere so that the religious and moral truths of life are realized and this therefore, would make humans free from all error. This would have an impact globally and there would be no violent acts, no hunger and wealth would be possible for the whole world today if each human thought morally and religiously about each and every matter and situation in life. The second major point is that human nature causes us not to believe anything unless we see it for ourselves. Humans must believe there is a presence of God in our world without seeing Him. If hu... Free Essays on The Human Condition Free Essays on The Human Condition The title of the document is known as â€Å"The Human Condition.† It was written on August 12, 1950 by Pope Pius XII. It was written about false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of catholic doctrine. The catholic people during this time, were starting to form their own ideas about Catholicism. This caused a huge problem between church leaders and their parishes because they simply did not take the Bible seriously and did not believe or have faith in the many things Catholics are called to believe. There were many things happening during this time that may have caused many Catholics to change their beliefs such as the Korean War and the Cold War. Both wars were causing an immense amount of bloodshed and many Americans were thinking about how the wars would affect America and God’s plan. The 1950’s was also a time for individual thinking and humanist ideas. This caused Catholics to question every aspect of their daily lives including religion. There are four major aspects of this document. The Pope used these points to attempt making a point to Catholics everywhere about their faith. The first major point is that humans today easily persuade themselves in matters that they do not wish to believe are false or at least doubtful. So, for this reason, divine revelation must be considered morally necessary for humans everywhere so that the religious and moral truths of life are realized and this therefore, would make humans free from all error. This would have an impact globally and there would be no violent acts, no hunger and wealth would be possible for the whole world today if each human thought morally and religiously about each and every matter and situation in life. The second major point is that human nature causes us not to believe anything unless we see it for ourselves. Humans must believe there is a presence of God in our world without seeing Him. If hu...